Building Blocks
The smallest unit of matter.
Atom
Electron Sharing.
Covalent Bonds
Agent for dissolving substances into a solution.
Solvent
Gives up protons (aka H+) during a chemical reaction.
Acid
Why are Ionic bonds strong?
Electrical attraction
Substance that contains a single type of atom.
Element
Electron Stealing.
Ionic Bonds
Substance dissolved in a solution.
Solute
Acquires protons (aka H+) during a chemical reaction.
Base
How and why do elements interact?
An atom is most stable when its valence shell is full, meaning every electron has a partner
Atom that carries a charge.
Ion
Electron “Sharing” that results in partial charges on molecules.
Polar Covalent Bonds
Polar molecules (and ions) interact with water via H-bonds and dissolve.
Hydrophilic
What does pH stand for?
“power of Hydrogen” scale
Why do molecules have specific shapes?
To maximize the distance between electrons
When more than one atom interacts to “fill” their valence shells.
Molecule
How strongly an atom “pulls” on shared electrons.
Electronegativity
Uncharged, nonpolar compounds do not interact with water via H-bonds, drawn together to minimize disruption of H-bonds in water.
Hydrophobic
What does water dissociate into?
Hydronium (cation) & Hydroxide (anion)
How do acids and bases affect the concentration of H3O+?
Acids raise concentration of H3O+ and Bases lower concentration of H3O+
Form of an element with a different number of neutrons.
Isotope
Electrostatic attraction between partial (δ+) charge on H to the partial (δ-) charge of another molecule.
Hydrogen bond (H-bond)
Weak attraction among hydrophobic molecules, increases their stability.
van der Waals forces
What is the pH of the universal solvent?
7
Why is solvation important for reactions?
Substances are more likely to come into contact with each other when dissolved in a solution