The Bare Necessities of Life
What are the three domains of life?
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya (BAE)
What are the top 4 elements in the human body?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen (CHON)?
Two Part Question:
What are (1) monosaccharides and (2) polysaccharides?
(1) Monomers of carbohydrates.
(2) Polymers of carbohydrates.
Two Part Question:
What are (1) amino acids and (2) nucleotides?
(1) Monomers of proteins.
(2) Monomers of nucleic acids.
What are macromolecules?
A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules usually by a similar pattern. Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids fall under this classification.
Two Part Question:
(1) What is the definition of a phenotype?
(2) What is the definition of a genotype?
(1) Characteristics based on physical appearance.
(2) Characterized by genes.
Two Part Question:
What is (1) the Atomic Number and (2) the Atomic Mass?
(1) The number that tells you the number of protons in an element.
(2) The number that tells you the number of protons and neutrons in an element.
What are lipids monomers and polymers?
This class of biomolecule does not have true polymers and is classified as non-polymeric.
Two Part Question:
What are (1) polynucleotides and (2) polypeptides?
(1) Polymers of nucleic acids.
(2) Polymers of proteins.
Two Part Question:
What is (1) dehydration reaction/synthesis and (2) hydrolysis?
(1) The act of removing water to join monomers into polymers.
(2) The act of adding water to break polymers into monomers.
What is genus and species and what notation is used to distinguish the two?
Bonus: Write out an example.
The taxonomy rankings used in binomial nomenclature. They are both italic and the genus is capitalized. EX: Canis familiaris
What are the max number of electrons in shell 1, shell 2, and shell 3?
2 electrons in shell 1, 8 electrons in shell 2, and 8 electrons in shell 3.
What is the basic molecular formula for carbohydrates?
The molecular formula is CnH2nOn
What is denaturation?
Bonds and interactions are destroyed; due to the loss of structure the molecule loses its function. Some causes include a change in pH, temperature, and the use of chemicals.
Structure dictates function
Two Part Question:
What does it mean to be (1) hydrophobic and (2) hydrophilic?
Bonus: What does amphipathic
(1) Molecules that hate water (no affinity for water), they are neutral, and contain non-polar covalent bonds.
(2) Molecules that like water (affinity for water), they are polar or ionic (partially or fully charged), and contain polar covalent bonds.
Amphipathic - Molecules that have regions that are hydrophilic and hydrophobic.
What are the 7 properties of life?
(1) Sensitivity/Response to the Environment, (2) Reproduction, (3) Evolve and Adaptation, (4) Growth and Development, (5) Regulation/Homeostasis, (6) Process Energy, and (7) Order
Three Part Question:
What is (1) a covalent bond, (2) an ionic bond, and (3) a hydrogen bond?
(1) A bond that shares a pair of electrons.
(2) A bond that completely transfers an electron. (one gains and one loses)
(3) A bond between partially charged hydrogens and another partially charged atom (OH or NH).
What are the three types of lipids? Define them/explain them.
(1) Fats, this class of lipids consists of unsaturated fats, saturated fats, and trans fats.
(2) Phospholipids, this class of lipids are the primary composition of the cell membranes bilayer. They have a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head.
(3) Steroids, this class of lipids consists of four fused rings.
Two Part Question:
What are (1) purines and (2) pyrimidines?
(1) Adenine and guanine fall under this classification. They have two rings. (AnGles are PURE)
(2) Cytosine, thymine (DNA), and uracil (RNA) fall under this classification. They all have one ring. (CUT the PY)
What is electronegativity?
An attraction of a particular atom for the electron of a covalent bond, i.e., one atom pulls the electron closer to itself. The electron is unevenly shared between between two atoms.
What are the taxonomic ranks (does not need to be in order)?
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species.
What properties of water are due to hydrogen bonds?
Bonus: Define them.
Water's life-supporting properties like cohesion, adhesion, surface tension, high specific heat, and less dense as ice are due hydrogen bonding.
Cohesion - The tendency of molecules of the same kind to stick together. (same molecules)
Adhesion - The clinging of one substance to another. (different molecules)
Surface Tension - Related to cohesion, a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid.
High Specific Heat - Water requires more energy to change temperature.
Less Dense as Ice - Hydrogen bonds are stable, hydrogen bonds keep the molecules at a set distance while water in a liquid state is less stable and the molecules are moving.
What are isomers?
These molecules have the same formula but different arrangement. Since, structure dictates function.
What are enzymes?
This type of molecule breaks polymers into monomers and are the most important protein.
Two Part Question:
What is (1) an isotope and (2) an ion?
Bonus: What happens when you change the number of protons?
(1) An atom of an element that has gained or lost neutrons. This does not change the charge but it changes the atomic mass.
(2) An atom of an element that has gained or lost electrons. This changes the charge but does not change the atomic mass.
Changing the number of protons change the element.