ATP and Energy
What are the three types of work done in a cell?
Chemical work, Transport work, and Mechanical work are powered by ATP which is created by catabolism.
What is the plasma membrane? What molecules does it contain?
This barrier selectively permeable phospholipid bilayer is found in every cell, and it contains lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates.
Bonus: What role do these other biomolecules play in the cell membrane?
What is the purpose of the light reactions?
The purpose of the light reactions is convert light energy into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH).
What is the purpose of the Calvin Cycle?
The purpose of the Calvin Cycle is to fix inorganic carbon dioxide into organic sugars. AKA use chemical energy to form sugars.
Two Part Question:
(1) What is the first law of thermodynamics?
(2) What is the second law of thermodynamics?
(1) Energy can not be created or destroyed, but can be transferred or transformed.
(2) Energy conversion increases the entropy (disorder)
What is active transport?
Active transport requires energy and moves against the gradient.
Where does the light reactions take place?
The light reactions take place in the thylakoid of the chloroplast.
Where does the Calvin Cycle take place?
The Calvin Cycle takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast.
Three Part Question:
(1) What is ATP?
(2) What is the terminal bond?
(3) What is the bond between the second and third phosphate group?
(1) ATP is a nucleic acid that releases energy by breaking a bond. It is the major energy molecule in this unit.
(2) The bond that is broken to release energy is the terminal bond. The terminal bond in ATP is between the last two phosphate groups.
(3) This chemical bond is a high energy bond. Hydrolysis takes place at this bond to release energy, ADP, and pi.
What is tonicity?
The ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water.
Bonus: Name and describe the three types of tonicity.
How is ATP created in the light reactions?
A high concentration gradient of H+ in the thylakoid space is made from both the spitting of water and the pumped ions from the electron transport chain. The high concentration must flow through ATP Synthase to drive the enzyme. The enzyme then takes the substrates, ADP and Pi, and combines them in the active site to make ATP.
Two Part Question:
(1). What happens in Phase 1: Carbon Fixation?
(2). What happens in Phase 2: Reduction?
(1). Carbon dioxide (1C) joins with RuBP (5C) to make an unstable 6 carbon molecule. This product splits into two PGA (3C) molecules. Making the total number of carbons 18. (Remember there are 3 carbon dioxide molecules and 3 RuBP molecules, so the beginning number of carbons is 15)
(2). Energy from ATP and electrons from the electron carrier NADPH convert PGA (3C) to the rich sugar G3P (3C). Total number of carbons is 18.
Three Part Question:
(1) What are anabolic pathways?
(2) What are catabolic pathways?
(3) What is energy coupling?
(1) This pathway requires energy to join smaller molecules to make complex molecules.
(2) This pathway releases energy breaks complex molecules into smaller molecules.
(3) The outputs of the pathway that releases energy (catabolic pathways) are used as the inputs for the pathway that requires energy (anabolic pathways).
Two Part Question:
(1) What is exocytosis?
(2) What is endocytosis?
(1) Secretion of many molecules outside of the cell when vesicles bind with the plasma membrane.
(2) Transport of many/large materials into the cell through vesicles.
Bonus: Name and describe the three types of endocytosis.
How is NADPH created in the light reactions?
Light strikes a chlorophyll molecule in photosystem II which excites the molecules and cause them to pass energy to the reaction center. The excited electron reaches the special pair and passes through photosystem II to then move down the electron transport chain. This movement is due to the different electronegativities of the complexes in the membrane. Thanks to the exited pigment molecules in photosystem I, the electrons flows through photosystem I to an enzyme called NADP+ Reductase. This enzyme binds NADP+ and H+ to form NADPH.
Electrons from water is used to replace the electrons that are moving through the space.
Two Part Question:
(1). What happens in Phase 3: Release of G3P?
(2). What happens in Phase 4: Regeneration of RuBP?
(1). For every three carbon dioxide molecules, one of the six G3P (3C) molecules is released to make glucose (or any other sugar). Total of carbons is 15.
(2). ATP is used to rearrange the five G3P (3C) molecules to form three RuBP (5C) molecules. Total of carbons is 15.
(Bonus: How many times does this cycle need to happen in order to make one glucose molecule?)
What are enzymes?
This macromolecule acts as a catalyst and lowers the activation energy barrier.
Bonus: What does it mean to be a catalyst?
Four Part Question:
(1) What is passive transport?
(2) What is diffusion?
(3) What is facilitated diffusion?
(4) What is osmosis?
(1) Passive transport does not require energy, moves with the gradient, and includes osmosis, diffusion and facilitated diffusion.
(2) Diffusion is defined as the random movement of small, non-polar, and uncharged molecules.
(3) Facilitated diffusion is defined as the movement of large and charged (or partially charged) though the use of proteins.
(4) Osmosis is defined as the movement of free water. Water moves towards higher solute concentration.
Two Part Question:
(1). What does it mean to become oxidized?
(2). What is being oxidized in the light reactions?
(In class we focused on the carriers. What was reduced in the light reactions?)
(1). Oxidization means the molecule or atom is losing electrons. (O.I.L)
(2). Water is becoming oxidized to form oxygen gas.
NADP+ was reduced in the light reactions to make NADPH
Two Part Question:
(1). What does it mean to become reduced?
(2). What is being reduced in the Calvin Cycle?
(In class we focused on the carriers. What was oxidized in the Calvin cycle?)
(1). When a molecule or atom is being reduced, it is gaining electrons. (R.I.G.)
(2). Carbon dioxide (CO2) is becoming reduced to form glucose (C6H12O6).
NADPH was oxidized in the Calvin cycle