General
Two Part Question:
(1). Is photosynthesis an example of an anabolic or catabolic reaction?
(2). Is cellular respiration an example of an anabolic or catabolic reaction?
(1). Photosynthesis is an anabolic reaction.
(2). Cellular respiration is a catabolic reaction.
What is the purpose of the light reactions?
The purpose of the light reactions is convert light energy into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH).
What is the purpose of the Calvin Cycle?
The purpose of the Calvin Cycle is to fix inorganic carbon dioxide into organic sugars. AKA use chemical energy to form sugars.
What is the purpose of cellular respiration?
The purpose of cellular respiration is to break down organic molecules to release energy.
Which stage of cellular respiration produces the most ATP? What is the range?
Oxidative Phosphorylation produces 26-28 molecules of ATP.
Two Part Question:
(1). What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis?
(2). What are the reactants and products of cellular respiration?
(1). The reactants of photosynthesis are light energy, carbon dioxide (CO2), and water (H2O). The products of photosynthesis are glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen gas (O2).
(2). The reactants of cellular respiration are glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen gas (O2). The products are ATP energy, carbon dioxide (CO2), and water (H2O).
(Bonus: What is the balanced equation?)
Where does the light reactions take place?
The light reactions take place in the thylakoid of the chloroplast.
Where does the Calvin Cycle take place?
The Calvin Cycle takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast.
How does pyruvate enter the mitochondria? By active or passive transport?
Pyruvate enters the mitochondria through active transport.
In the Citric Acid Cycle, ATP is made by either substrate-level phosphorylation or oxidative phosphorylation?
ATP in the Citric Acid Cycle is made by substrate-level phosphorylation.
Two Part Question:
(1). What are the four groups of organisms that can perform photosynthesis?
(2). What organisms can perform cellular respiration?
(1). The four groups that can perform photosynthesis are plants, multicellular alga, unicellular eukaryotes, and cyanobacteria.
(2). All eukaryotes can perform cellular respiration.
(Bonus: Which of the four photosynthesizing organisms have chloroplast? If there is an organism without chloroplasts, what are the reasons?)
How is ATP created?
A high concentration gradient of H+ in the thylakoid space is made from both the spitting of water and the pumped ions from the electron transport chain. The high concentration must flow through ATP Synthase to drive the enzyme. The enzyme then takes ADP and Pi, located in the active site, to make ATP.
Two Part Question:
(1). What happens in Phase 1: Carbon Fixation?
(2). What happens in Phase 2: Reduction?
(1). Carbon dioxide (1C) joins with RuBP (5C) to make an unstable 6 carbon molecule. This product splits into two PGA (3C). Making the total number of carbons 18. (Remember there are 3 carbon dioxide molecules and 3 RuBP molecules, so the beginning number of carbons is 15)
(2). Energy from ATP and electrons from the electron carrier NADPH convert PGA (3C) to the rich sugar G3P (3C). Total number of carbons is 18.
Two Part Questions:
(1). Where does Pyruvate Oxidation take place?
(2). What happens in Pyruvate Oxidation?
(1). Pyruvate Oxidation takes place in the mitochondrial matrix.
(2). A carboxyl group is oxidized and leaves as a carbon dioxide molecule. NAD+ are reduced to NADH. Coenzyme A is attached to each pyruvate (3C) to create acetyl CoA (2C).
(Bonus: How many times does this happen per glucose?)
What is oxidative phosphorylation (referring to the process that creates ATP, not the stage in cellular respiration.)?
Oxidative phosphorylation is the production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain.
How is a H+ (hydrogen ion) gradient created in photosynthesis and cellular respiration? What step uses the high concentration gradient and what is it's purpose?
In photosynthesis, a high H+ concentration gradient is used in the light reactions to power ATP Synthase. The gradient is created in two ways. One way the gradient is created is through the splitting of water within the thylakoid space. The second way is through active transport into the cell of H+ from the stroma.
In cellular respiration, a H+ concentration gradient is used to power ATP Synthase in stage 4, oxidative phosphorylation. NADH and FADH2 (electron carriers) deliver electrons to the electron transport chain which allows the movement of H+ into the intermembrane space. The concentration drives ATP Synthase. (Chemiosmosis)
How is NADPH created?
Light strikes a chlorophyll molecule in photosystem II which excites the molecules and cause them to pass energy to the reaction center. Electrons from water pass through photosystem II to then move down the electron transport chain. Thanks to the exited pigment molecules in photosystem I, the electrons flows through photosystem I to an enzyme called NADP+ Reductase. This enzyme binds NADP+ and H+ to form NADPH.
Two Part Question:
(1). What happens in Phase 3: Release of G3P?
(2). What happens in Phase 4: Regeneration of RuBP?
(1). For every three carbon dioxide molecules, one of the six G3P (3C) molecules is released to make glucose (or any other sugar). Total of carbons is 15.
(2). ATP is used to rearrange the five G3P (3C) molecules to form three RuBP (5C) molecules. Total of carbons is 15.
(Bonus: How many times does this cycle need to happen in order to make one glucose molecule?)
Two Part Question:
(1). Where does Glycolysis take place?
(2). What happens in Glycolysis?
(1). Glycolysis takes place in the cytosol.
(2). Glycolysis is the sugar splitting phase. A glucose (6C) molecule is split up into two G3P (3C) molecules by using ATP. Then, G3P (3C) is oxidized and a series of chemical reactions take place, creating two pyruvate (3C) releasing two ATP and two NADH.
Two Part Question:
(1). Where does the Citric Acid Cycle take place?
(2). What happens in the Citric Acid Cycle?
{Remember if you are using other study materials or remembered from previous biology courses, the Kreb Cycle and the Citric Acid Cycle are the same thing.}
(1). The Citric Acid Cycle takes place in the mitochondrial matrix.
(2). Acetyl CoA (2C) joins with a 4 carbon molecule to form Citrate (6C). Redox reactions generate 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 4 carbon dioxides.
(Bonus: How many times does the Citric Acid Cycle turn per glucose?)
What is compartmentalization?
Compartmentalization is when a process takes place in different locations based on function. In other words, the cell and/or organelles are separated to create specific compartments for specific functions. This increases metabolic efficiency.
(Bonus: How can you use photosynthesis and cellular respiration to explain compartmentalization? Where does each step take place?)
Two Part Question:
(1). What does it mean to become oxidized?
(2). What is being oxidized in the light reactions?
(1). Oxidization means the molecule or atom is losing electrons. (O.I.L)
(2). Water is becoming oxidized to form oxygen gas.
Two Part Question:
(1). What does it mean to become reduced?
(2). What is being reduced in the Calvin Cycle?
(1). When a molecule or atom is being reduced, it is gaining electrons. (R.I.G.)
(2). Carbon dioxide (CO2) is becoming reduced to form glucose (C6H12O6).
Two Part Question:
(1). What are the two phases of Glycolysis and how is ATP involved?
(2). How is ATP made in Glycolysis, by substrate-level phosphorylation or oxidative phosphorylation? What does the chosen term mean?
(1). The Energy Investment phase uses ATP and the Energy Payoff phase makes ATP.
(2). ATP is made in Glycolysis through substrate-level phosphorylation. Substrate-level phosphorylation is a process in which an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP to create ATP.
Three Part Question:
(1). Where does Oxidation Phosphorylation take place?
(2). What happens in Oxidative Phosphorylation?
(3). Is ATP made by substrate-level phosphorylation or oxidative phosphorylation in this stage of cellular respiration?
(1). Oxidation Phosphorylation takes place in the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
(2). Ten NADH and two FADH2 pass their electrons to the electron transport chain. This drives the integral proteins to pump H+ into the intermembrane space. Oxygen gas molecules accept the electrons at the end of the chain. The high gradient in the intermembrane space uses ATP Synthase to diffuse out. Causing the creation of ATP.
(3). This stage in cellular respiration, oxidative phosphorylation, uses oxidative phosphorylation to make ATP.