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Outline cell theory
All living organisms are composed of cells.
Cells are the smallest unit of life.
All cells come from preexisting cells.
Distinguish cohesion and adhesion.
In cohesion, water molecules stick to each other while in adhesion, water molecules adhere to the polar, or charged, surfaces of other molecules
What is the genome?
The genome is the whole of the genetic information of an organism.
Discuss the definition of the term species.
A species is a group of organisms that can potentially interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
What are 3 examples of evidence that can be used to support the theory of evolution?
Homologous structures
speciation
fossil record
What is the best description of stem cells?
Stem cells can divide and differentiate into different types of specialised cells.
A disaccharide is formed by a condensation reaction between a glucose molecule and fructose. Which molecule is the product?
Sucrose
Stages of meiosis
Prophase1 , Metaphase1, Anaphase1 , Telophase1, Prophase2, Metaphase2, Anaphase2, Telophase2.
Define what trophic levels are.
Trophic level is defined as the position of an organism in the food chain.
To which domain do organisms with membrane-enclosed organelles belong to?
Eukaryota
What can be deduced about endosymbiotic theory?
It provides evidence for the origin of eukaryotes.
Which molecules form a triglyceride?
One glycerol molecule and three fatty acids
What is a karyogram and how does it work?
Karyogram shows the chromosomes of an organism in homologous pairs of decreasing length. When a cell is having mitosis the chromosomes can be seen clear enough and stains are used in order to determine the sequence of chromosomes.
Compare the ways in which autotrophic, heterotrophic and saprotrophic organisms obtain energy.
Heterotrophs obtain energy from other organisms. saprotrophs obtain energy from non-living matter / dead organisms. Autotrophs obtain energy from inorganic compounds.
Taxonomists classify organisms according to their evolutionary origins using a hierarchical classification system.Outline the principal taxonomic ranks in the modern classification system.
the domain is the largest rank
the three domains are Archaea, Eubacteria, and Eukarya
domain Eukarya is split into kingdoms
Which organelle is formed by a vesicle derived from the cell membrane?
Food vacuole
Distinguish between the structure of cellulose, starch and glycogen.
Cellulose is composed of beta-D-glucose or glucose monomers whereas starch and glycogen are composed of alpha-D-glucose monomers
amylose and cellulose are linear chains whereas amylopectin and glycogen are branched
amylose has alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds whereas amylopectin and glycogen have both alpha 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
polymers of cellulose form many hydrogen bonds with each other whereas starch and glycogen do not
Name of the RNA types and their functions
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA.
mRNA provides a template for gene coding during protein synthesis, tRNA carries the amino acids to the ribosomes, which has to be added to the polypeptide chain and rRNA forms ribosomes along with proteins.
What are the causes and consequences of the enhanced greenhouse effect?
The burning of fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide. Deforestation of ecosystems reduces carbon dioxide uptake. Heating of the atmosphere, causing climate change. Melting of glaciers.
Which are the characteristic of the phylum Filicinophyta?
Roots, stems and leaves - YES
Vascular tissue - YES
Seeds - NO
Fruits - NO
What kind of transfer is pinocytosis?
Endocytosis, which is a form of active transport.
Explain the impact high temperatures can have on the structure and function of proteins such as hemoglobin.
extreme temperatures can lead to denaturation,
denaturation is the change in the 3-dimensional shape or tertiary structure or secondary or quaternary structure of a protein,
high temperatures break hydrogen bonds, protein can no longer function
How many different types of chromosomes are there in females and male?
There are 23 in females and 24 in males.
Explain how limestone is made and describe the role it plays in the carbon cycle.
Marine organisms absorb calcium and carbonate ions from seawater.
The organisms secrete calcium carbonate to form hard shells.
Skeletons of corals are also made with calcium carbonate
The DNA sequence from the same section of DNA but from two different organisms is shown in the table below. Which organisms are most likely to have diverged from each other most recently?
A
ATCGGGTCGCTTTCTCG / ATCCGGTCGCTTTGTCG
B
TCGCGCGTAAATCGATG / TCCCGCGTCAATCGTTA
C
ATCGGGTGTGTCATATG / ATCGCGTGTCTCATCTG
A