Cell Growth & Division
What are the main events of the cell cycle?
G1 S G2 and M
Different forms of a gene are called.
alleles
What is the base pairing of nitrogen bases in DNA?
A=T
C=G
What is a karyotype?
A karyotype shows the complete diploid set of chromosomes grouped together in pairs, arranged in order of decreasing size.
The process of making proteins on the ribosome based on instructions from messenger RNA is called
translation
During which phase of the cell cycle are chromosomes replicated?
S
Organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait are said to be
homozygous
Describe the components and structure of a DNA nucleotide
Phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar and a nitrogen base
What determines whether a person is a male or female?
Females have 2 x chromosomes, while males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome
What amino acid is coded by the mRNA CGG?
arginine
The process that increases genetic diversity within a population is
sexual reproduction
The probability of flipping three coins in a row is
1/8
The process by which RNA is made from DNA:
transcription
Is it possible for a person with blood type alleles A and B to have blood type A?
No, A and B alleles are codominant. When both alleles are present in an individual, that person has blood type AB.
A mutation in the DNA of an organism changes one base sequence in a protein coding region from CAC to CAT. What is the effect of the mutation on the final protein?
The mutation in the DNA changes the codon in mRNA from GUG to GUA. Both of these codons code for amino acid valine, so final protein would be affected.
If a cell has 12 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will each daughter cells have after mitosis and cytokinesis?
12
Are organism's characteristics determined only by its genes? explain
Genes and environment
The DNA molecule is held together by:
hygrogen bonds
If a woman with type O blood and a man with type AB blood have children, what are the children's possible genotypes?
Type A and B
Suppose the DNA strand codes for ACC GTC ACC, what would be the mRNA bases?
UGG CAG UGG
Some cells have several nuclei within their cytoplasm. Considering the events in a typical cell cycle, which phase of the cell cycle is not operating when such cells form?
cytokinesis
Explain why chromosomes and not individual genes, assort independently.
Because genes are located inside the chromosomes, and chromosomes assort independently.
Describe the 2 types of mutation
gene mutation - involves changes in one or a few nucleotides
chromosome mutation-involve changes in the number or structure of chromosomes.
Why would the Y chromosome be unlikely contain any genes that are absolutely necessary for survival?
A female child would not survive because females do not have a Y chromosomes.
Explain the roles of the three types of RNA in taking the information in DNA and using it to make proteins.
DNA is transcribed to mRNA, mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm. A ribosome containing rRNA translates it to polypetides. In translation, tRNA molecules brings the correct amino acids to the ribosomes to add to the polypetide.