Characteristics of living things and cells
What are the charcteristics of living organisms
( MRS GREN)
Movement
Respiration
Stimulation
Growth
Reproduction
Excretion
Nutrition
Define excretion and nutrition
Excretion- The removal of metabolic waste from the body
Nutrition- The process by which living organisms provide (autotrophs) or obtain (heterotrophs) food for growth and development
What are the specialized cells in animals and plants
Animals - Red blood cell, white blood cell, sperm cell, muscle cell, nerve cell, egg cell
Plants- Guard cell, root hair cell, palisade cell
Define passive and active transport
Passive Transport- The movement of substances without the requirement of external energy
Active Transport- The movement of particles from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration or against a concentration gradient with the use of energy
What are factors that affect the rate of diffusion?
1. Temperature
2. Surface area
3. Distance
4. Size of particles
What are the 3 types of movement and define them
Growth movement- Occurs when a plant grows towards or away from a stimulus
Locomotion- Whole body movement
Part body movement- is when only a part of the body moves but the whole organism is not moving
Define cells and the two categories of cells
Cells are the basic unit of every living thing. The two categories of cells are specialized cells and unspecialized cells.
Specialized cells- cells that have a specific function to carry out and therefore have specific capabilities that allow them to carry out their function
Unspecialized cells- Cells without specific functions that have general capabilities
What are the functions of the sperm, muscle, nerve, and red blood cells?
Sperm cell- To carry half the genetic information to the egg cell
Muscle cell- To change their length to allow the body to move
Nerve cells- to carry messages around the body
Red blood cells- to carry oxygen to the cells and to take carbon dioxide away from the cells
Define diffusion and Osmosis
Diffusion- The net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a lower or down a concentration gradient until they are evenly distributed
Osmosis- The movement of water molecules from a region of higher concentration to a lower concentration
True or false
The more concentrated a solution, the higher the water concentration
False. The mre concentrated a solution, the lower the water concentration
Define respiration and the types of respiration
Respiration is the release of energy from food.
Aerobic respiration is the releasing of energy from food with the use of oxygen
Anaerobic respiration is the releasing of energy from food without the use of oxygen
What are multicellular and unicellular organisms
Multicellular organisms are living things made up of many cells
Unicellular organisms are living things made up of one cell
What are the functions of the root hair, palisade, guard and ciliated epithelial cells?
Root hair cells- Gives the cells a bigger surface area to take in water from the soil
Palisade cells- To contain chloroplast to help the plant make food by photosynthesis
Guard cells- With its tiny pores, it helps and is necessary for gas exchange into and out of the plant
Ciliated epithelial- To move dirt out of the lungs and to help move egg cells along the oviduct
What is a concentration gradient and dynamic equilibrium
A concentration gradient is the difference in concentration between two regions.
Dynamic equilibrium is when there is no net movement of particles but the particles are still moving about randomly (not sure)
What are the 3 types of solution? Define them and state the state of the cell with the type of solution
Isotonic - When water moves in and out of the cell. The cell will remain the same
Hypertonic- When water moves into the cell. The cell would become flaccid or shrink
Hypotonic- When water moves out of the cell. The cell would swell
What is stimulation and growth?
Stimulation is any change in the environment that triggers a response
Growth- The process that defines the increase in size and or complexity of an organism
Name 5 differences between plant cells and animal cells
Plant cells are larger in size while animal cells are smaller in size
Plant cells have a cell wall surrounding the cell membrane while cell walls are absent in animal cells
Plant cells have plastids while plastids are absent in animal cells
Plant cells do not have centrioles while animal cells do
Plant cell vacuoles are very large in size while animal cell vacuoles are very small in size
On a piece of paper draw a specialized plant cell and state its function. Label it. Have all the necessary things for scientific drawings
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Explain the importance of diffusion is animals
1. The absorbed nutrients in the process of digestion diffuses into the cells nd into the blood as there is that of a lower concentration in the blood than in the small intestine where the absorption of nutrients takes place
2. Oxygen of a higher concentration in the lungs diffuses into the blood as there is a lower concentration in the blood
3. Carbon dioxide of a higher concentration in the blood diffuses into the lungs due to the lower concentration of carbon dioxide in the lungs than the blood
What is a water concentrated gradient?
A water concentrated gradient is when a partially permeable membrane separates two solutions of different water concentrations and prevents certain soluts to pass through
Define reproduction and the types of reproduction
Reproduction is the production of offspring
Sexual reproduction- Producing offspring by the means of two gametes (a male and a female gamete) fusing
Asexual reproduction- Producing offspring without gametes. One parent cell simply divides
List all the organelles
Nucleus, Nucleolus, mitochondria, vacuole, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, cell membrane, cell wall, lysosome, ribosome, chloroplast, Golgi apparatus/body, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum and centriole
On a piece of paper, draw a specialized animal cell stating its function. Label it. Do all the scientific drawing steps
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2. Minerals present in the soil have a high concentration in the soil than in the root hair of plants so the minerals diffuses into the root hair of plants used for plant nutrition
Explain the importance of osmosis in living things
1. Animal cells may shrivel or brust when the external environment of the cells have a different water concentration than the cell's cytoplasm and so to prevent this animals cells must always be bathed in a solution having the same water concentration as their cytoplasm
2. Turgor pressure is important for maintaining the shape of soft tissues in plants by providing turgidity to the cells. It allows the plant to stand firm and upright. However, when cells lose too much water, they become flaccid and the plant wilts. if water is not provided to the plant soon enough, it will eventually die.