Biology 150 Final Review

Energy

100

During this type of respiration glucose is broken down into energy without using oxygen (i.e. Lactic Acid Fermentation, Alcoholic Fermentation)

Anaerobic Cellular Respiration

200

6CO₂ + 6H₂O ---light energy--> C₆H₁₂O₆+ 6O₂

is the formula for what reaction?

Photosynthesis 

300

What are the products of cellular respiration?

ATP energy, Carbon Dioxide, and water

Think of the formula being opposite to photosynthesis.

Cellular Respiration=

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O_{2 ---->} 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP

400

During this stage of cellular respiration, 2 ATP are used to divide glucose into 2 three-carbon sugars called pyruvate. This stage occurs in the cell's cytoplasm.

Glycolysis

500

What is the typical net ATP yield of cellular Respiration?

36 ATP

Remember, 2 ATP are used to split glucose (during Glycolysis) 

Evolution

100

Who is the father of evolution?

Charles Darwin

200

What are some methods used as evidence of evolution?

Fossil records, comparative anatomy, embryologic anatomy, biogeography, and direct observation

Note: Not all these methods were available to Darwin during his lifespan

300

What are four causes/principles of evolution?

Natural selection, gene flow, genetic drift, mutation 

400

This occurs when one population that is separated into two groups by geographic barriers changes over time

Allopatric Speciation 

Remember, speciation is how new plants or animals develop over time thanks to natural selection or other environmental factors

500

Organisms that suit the environment more are more likely to reproduce because of...

Natural Selection

Genetics

100

This process produces gametic/reproductive cells

Meiosis

200

What is the order of mitosis stages?

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase and Cytokinesis  

(Please refer to module videos for detailed explanations)

300

Traits that are equally expressed in an organism's phenotype (such as human blood type) are known as _______ _______.

Codominant traits

(Do not confuse this with incomplete dominance which allows a phenotype to express mixed traits of an allele at once i.e. pink flower petals from red and white parent plants)

400

This scientist is known as the father of genetics...

Gregor Mendel

500

Gametic cells (sperm and egg cells) only have one set of chromosomes as compared to somatic/body cells which have two sets of chromosomes. A cell with only one set of chromosomes is called... 

A haploid cell

(Think hap= half the chromosomes of other cells, Diploid cells have two sets. The prefix di means two)

Cells

100

True or False: Prokaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles.

False. Prokaryotic cells have no membrane-bound organelles. Ribosomes are free in the cytoplasm and DNA is coiled into a nucleoid region.

200

Animal cells have no ____ or _____

Chloroplasts or cell walls

300

Ribosomes are made up of two subunits, One subunit is made of protein and the other is ____

rRNA (Ribosomal RNA)

400

This part of the cell reads and translates mRNA codons after transcription occurs.

Ribosomes

500

The two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum are _____ _____ ______ and _______ _________ _______

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (which is covered with ribosomes) and smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Proteins

100

Genetic code is transcribed into mRNA in this organelle...

Nucleus

200

Examples of proteins include...

Enzymes, hormones, antibodies etc.

300

Transcription converts ___ to ____, whereas translation converts _____ to ____.

DNA to mRNA,

mRNA to protein

400

Enzymes can act as ______ which speed up chemical reactions.

Catalysts

500

This type of RNA helps decode mRNA sequences during translation...

tRNA (Transfer RNA)