Basics of Genetics
What is the study of how traits are passed from parents to children
Genetics
What is the physical appearance of a trait
Phenotype
What is a cell with two sets of chromosomes (one from mom, one from dad)
Diploid
What is it called when a male and female reproductive cell come together to form a new life
Fertilization
In pea plants, the allele for tall stems (T) is dominant over the allele for short stems (t). What is the genotype of a heterozygous pea plant?
What are the instructions for traits that are passed from parents to children called?
Genes
What is the genetic code that determines a trait
Genotype
What is a special cell division that cuts the chromosome number in half to make sperm or egg cells
Meiosis
What is a fertilized egg that will grow into a new organism
Zygote
If a human cell is diploid, how many total chromosomes does it have?
What is 46?
Different versions of the same gene
Alleles
A gene that has more than just two possible versions
Multiple Alleles
What is it called when there are matching pairs of chromosomes, one from each parent.
Homologous
What is an offspring of parents with different traits
Hybrid
A Punnett Square shows a 75% chance of a dominant trait appearing. If you have 4 offspring, how many are likely to show the dominant trait?
What is 3?
What is it called when some traits are stronger (dominant) and will show up over weaker (recessive) ones?
Principle of Dominance
What are traits controlled by multiple genes (like skin color or height)
Polygenic Traits
What is a group of four chromatids that form when chromosomes pair up in meiosis
What are genes for different traits are passed on separately, not as a package
Independent Assortment
A red flower (RR) and a white flower (WW) cross, and the offspring are all pink (RW). What type of inheritance is this?
What is the common ratio of Punnett Squares and define probability
9:3:3:1
Probability: The chance of something happening
What is when both alleles show up equally (like a cow with both red and white fur patches)
Codominance
What is a cell with only one set of chromosomes (like sperm and egg cells)
Haploid
What is when chromosomes swap pieces, mixing up genes for genetic variety
Crossing over
This process happens during Prophase I of meiosis and increases genetic variation in offspring.
Crossing Over