Body planes
behind, toward the back of the body
Posterior
What is a plane?
Body planes are hypothetical geometric planes used to divide the body into sections.
The smallest unit of life
the cell
What is formed by removing a hydroxyl group (OH) from one subunit and a hydrogen (H) from another subunit?
Covalent bond
What is a protein?
Polymers of amino acids
A and T
C and G
A phospholipid bilayer consists of what?
an outer polar head which is hydrophilic and two inner non polar tails which are hydrophobic
How can protons cross back into the cell?
Through channels that generate ATP in a process known as chemiosmosis. This is essential to energy metabolism.
closer to the attachment point of a limb to the trunk
proximal
Parasaggital
A vertical cut that is off-center that separates the left of the specimen from the right in unequal portions
A combination of atoms
molecule
Macro molecules consumed by humans each provide different levels of energy (in the form of calories) to the cells.
How many are in 1 gram of carbohydrates?
4 calories
Characteristics of a protein
covalent bonds link two amino acids, called a peptide bond
assembled called a polypeptide
The bond holding together a base pair is called?
a hydrogen bond
Exocytosis
Sodium Potassium pump
the sodium potassium pump, uses energy in the form of ATP to pump 3 NA+ out of the cell and 2 K+ into the cell.
Maintain electrical gradient: cells are relatively more negative compared to the extracellular fluid.
In front, towards the front of the body
anterior
Transverse
divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts
Two or more organs working together in the execution of a specific bodily function
organ system
the building materials of the body are known as macromolecules because they can be very large. There are four types of macromolecules, name them
Proteins
Nucleic acids
carbohydrates
lipids/fat
found within our blood
Transport proteins
a phosphodiester bond is?
a sugar-phosphate backbone that gives support
(Covalent bond)
Pinocytosis
Fluids such as human eggs engulfing fluids with nutrients before fertilization
uses energy to pump protons across a membrane
further away from the attachment point of a limb to the trunk
Distal
Frontal
the frontal plane divides the body into front and back sections
An individual living thing composed of many cells
multicellular organism
Macro molecules consumed by humans each provide different levels of energy (in the form of calories) to the cells.
How many are in 1 gram of fat?
9 calories
Channels and pumps that facilitate regulatory access
Membrane
a glycosidic bond
endocytosis
the engulfing of substances outside of the cell in order to form a vesicle that is brought inside the cell
What is simple diffusion?
when molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
no ATP required
no membrane protein required
oxygen, carbon dioxide, N2, glycerol, short-chain fatty acids
passive transport
above, over, towards the head
Superior
Midsagittal
The midsagittal plane is a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts.
A structure usually composed of several tissue types that form a functional unit
organ
Macro molecules consumed by humans each provide different levels of energy (in the form of calories) to the cells.
How many calories are in 1 gram of protein?
4 calories
like those that make up our hair and nails
Structural proteins
What if the opposite strand was RNA?
it would be A and U not A and T
What does amphipathic mean?
having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts
In mitochondria, a proton gradient builds up in the intermembrane space. What is the result?
a concentration gradient favouring the reentry of protons back into the cell
below, under, further from the head
Inferior
Oblique
the oblique plane has no fixed orientation. It cuts the body at an angle, neither parallel nor perpendicular
tissue
Macro molecules consumed by humans each provide different levels of energy (in the form of calories) to the cells.
How many are in 1 gram of alcohol?
7 calories
which aid in chemical reactions within a cell
enzymes
phagocytosis
Solids such as immune cells engulfing pathogens
what is coupled transport
moving two substances across a membrane at the same time
The smallest particle of an element that retains the property of that element
atom
This process of linking together two subunits to form a polymer is called?
dehydration synthesis because this amounts to the removal of a molecule of water (H2O).
Which allow our muscles to contract and move the body
contractile proteins
composed of RNA and protein
not membrane-bound organelles
site of protein synthesis
these structures link amino acids together and fold the chain to form a protein
found in the cytoplasm or on the RER
Symport and antiport definitions
Symposium: Substances moving in the same direction
Antiport: substances moving in the opposite directions
What is the first energy source for the cell?
Carbohydrates
Secondary active transport involves?
the use of the sodium gradient outside of cells to pull other nutrients such as glucose or amino acids into a cell so that ATP is not required