Photosynthesis
What is the main energy source for photosynthesis
Sunlight
Where in the chloroplast does the light-dependent reaction occur?
Thylakoid membrane
What is the main purpose of Calvin cycle?
To fix carbon dioxide and produce sugar (G3P).
Where in the cell does aerobic respiration primarily occur?
In the mitochondria.
The end product of glycolysis before fermentation occurs.
2 pyruvate
What are the tiny pores on leaves that take in CO₂?
Stomata
What is the primary function of Photosystem II in the light-dependent reactions?
To capture light energy and split water molecules to release electrons, protons, and oxygen.
What molecule acts as the carbon dioxide acceptor in the Calvin Cycle?
Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP).
What gas required for the process?
Oxygen
How many ATP molecules are produced (net gain)?
2
Plants appear green in color
What will happen when chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light but reflects green light?
How ATP is generated during the light-dependent reactions?
Through chemiosmosis — H⁺ ions move through ATP synthase from the thylakoid space to the stroma, forming ATP.
What is glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)?
During the reduction phase of the Calvin cycle, ATP and NADPH are used to convert 3-PGA into this energy-rich compound.
Total ATP produced per glucose?
36-38 ATP
How many total ATP molecules are produced before net gain?
4
The splitting of water molecules that replaces lost electrons in Photosystem II and releases oxygen.
Photolysis
Where do hydrogen ions accumulate?
Thylakoid lumen
How many CO₂ molecules make one glucose?
6
This molecule connects glycolysis to the Krebs cycle by being converted from pyruvate before entering the mitochondrion.
Acetyl-COA
Which enzyme catalyzes the first step of glycolysis?
Hexokinase
ATP is synthesized as protons move down their gradient through ATP synthase, a process known as...
Chemiosmosis
What is photophosphorylation?
This process uses the energy from electrons moving through the thylakoid membrane to form ATP.
What is the reducing molecule used in the Calvin Cycle?
NADPH
Most ATP in aerobic respiration is generated through this process that uses the electron transport chain and ATP synthase.
Oxidative phosphorylation
What enzyme converts glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate?
Isomerase