Scientific Method
What are the steps of the scientific method?
Question, Research, Hypothesis, Experiment, Data Analysis, Conclusion, and Communication
The basic building blocks of matter.
What is an Atom?
What are the key properties of water that make it essential for life?
Polarity, Cohesion, Adhesion, Density, High Specific Heat, Excellent Solvent
Weak attractions between molecules with a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom (like oxygen or nitrogen).
What are hydrogen bonds?
A theory that states all living organisms are composed of one or more cells. The cell is the smallest unit that can carry out all life processes. All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
What is the CELL THEORY?
A statement that describes a natural phenomenon that has been observed to occur consistently under specific conditions.
What is Scientific Law?
Structures composed of different tissues that work together to perform a common function.
What are Organs?
The uneven distribution of charge within the water molecule allows for hydrogen bonding, leading to cohesion, adhesion, and solvent properties.
What is polarity?
This reaction breaks down polymers into individual monomers by adding water molecules to break the bonds.
What is hydrolysis?
Simple cells lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Bacteria are prokaryotes.
What are prokaryotic cells?
The variable that is intentionally changed or manipulated in an experiment.
What is an independent variable?
Specialized structures within cells that perform specific functions.
What are organelles?
Water molecules sticking to each other, creating surface tension.
What is cohesion?
What is the role of enzymes in biological systems?
Enzymes are biological catalysts, mostly proteins, that speed up chemical reactions in cells by lowering the activation energy required for the reactions to occur. They are highly specific, meaning each enzyme typically catalyzes only one or a few types of reactions.
More complex cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus. Plants, animals, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes.
What are eukaryotic cells?
Descriptive data that uses words to describe qualities or characteristics. Examples include color, texture, or shape.
What is qualitative data?
Large, complex molecules essential for life processes, such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
What are macromolecules?
Water molecules sticking to other substances.
What is adhesion?
Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. They store and transmit genetic information (DNA and RNA).
Cellular transport is categorized into two main types: What are the different types of cellular transport?
Passive Transport: Movement of substances across the membrane without energy input. Examples include diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.
Active Transport: Movement of substances against their concentration gradient, requiring energy (ATP).
Examples include pumps, endocytosis, and exocytosis.
Used to display trends or changes over time.
What is a line graph?
List the four macromolecules.
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
What is the difference between
dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis
reactions?
Dehydration Synthesis: This reaction builds polymers by bonding monomers together while releasing a water molecule for every bond formed.
Hydrolysis: This reaction breaks down polymers into individual monomers by adding water molecules to break the bonds.
How do photosynthesis and cellular respiration contribute to the cycling of matter and energy in ecosystems?
Photosynthesis: Captures light energy and converts it into chemical energy stored in sugars, using carbon dioxide and water. Oxygen is released as a byproduct.
Cellular Respiration: Breaks down sugars to release stored chemical energy in the form of ATP, using oxygen and producing carbon dioxide and water.
What is the structure and function of the cell membrane?
The cell membrane, also called the plasma membrane, is a selectively permeable barrier surrounding all cells. It is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. Its functions include:
Regulating the passage of substances in and out of the cell.
Protecting the cell from its environment.
Maintaining cell shape.
Facilitating cell signaling and communication.