Protein structure
Has quaternary (4th) structure
What is hemoglobin?
Environmental factors
What are pH, temperature, substrate concentration, and salinity (salt concentration)
Types of RNA used during the initiation process
What are mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA?
Passive pathways
What is with the concentration gradient not requiring the use of ATP or eenrgy?
Oxidization
What is the loss of oxygen and gain of protons/hydrogen
What is the cellular respiration reaction
What are peptide bonds coding for protein function
AUG-CAU-UCC-CAG-GUA-UGA
met-his-ser-gin-val-stop
AUG-CAU-ACC-CAG-GUA-UGA
met-his-thr-gin-val-stop
What is a missense mutation?
Purpose of introns
What are alternative splicing opportunities leading to genetic diversity?
Active pathways
What requires the use of ATP or energy to function and typically "goes against the grain"?
Reduction
What is the gain of oxygen and loss of hydrogen/protons?
What is the photosynthesis reaction?
Secondary (2nd) structure
What are the hydrogen bonds between peptide backbones to form β-strands and α helixes
Changes a single letter but not the amino acid coded
ex: UCC-UCA
What is a silent mutation?
Purpose of exons
What is a portion of DNA/RNA that is expressed and translated into proteins?
RTK pathway
What is the transmembrane signaling mechanism that regulates cell growth, metabolism, and survival
Purpose of PSI and PSII.
What is the capturing of light energy to produce NADPH & ATP by splitting H2O to provide electrons?
Tertiary (3rd) structure
What are the disulfide bonds between R-groups to form the 3d shape of a protein, along with H bonds to stabilize the structure
Affects all amino acids downstream of the mutation
What is a frameshift mutation?
Sequences used to control transcription to transcribe pre-RNA
What are promoters (TATA box), enhancers, and terminators
GPCR-cAMP-dependent pathway
What is the fight or flight response?
Oxidative phosphorylation steps
What is...?
1- The electron transport chain, where electrons from NADH are passed along a series of proteins, creating a gradient
2- ATP synthesis, where protons flow back through ATP synthase, driving conversion of ATP to ATP?
What are the hydrogen bonds between 2+ polypeptides
RTK pathway mutation that can cause cancer
What is constant activation causing uncontrolled splitting to avoid death?
Large and small subunits purpose
What is synthesising proteins?
Large subunit- contains the active site to catalyze peptide bond formations
Small subunit- binds to mRNA for the decoding of genetic information
Breakdown of glycogen in the GPCR-cAMP pathway
What is..?
1- Epinephrine binds to the GPCR, causing it to activate
2- activated receptor turns GDP into GTP, activating adenylyl cyclase
3- adenyly cyclase converts ATP to cAMP
4- cAMP binds to Kinase A and phosphorylates, activating phosphorylase kinase
5- phosphorylase kinase phosphorylates glycogen phosphorylase, breaking it into glucose & phosphate
Connection between photosynthesis and cellular respiration
What is the production of C6H12O6 + 6O2 in photosynthesis, which goes into cellular respiration, creating 6CO2 + 6H2O?