DNA and central Dogma
What is the flow of genetic information from DNA to protein?
Central Dogma
A mutation that does NOT change the amino acid is called?
Silent mutation
What process makes many copies of DNA?
PCR
What is evolution?
Change in allele frequencies in a population over time
What is formation of a new species called?
Speciation
What process makes mRNA from DNA?
Transcription
A mutation that creates a stop codon is called?
Nonsense mutation
What separates DNA fragments by size?
Gel electrophoresis
Does evolution happen in individuals or populations?
Populations
Speciation due to physical separation is called?
A: Allopatric speciation
What enzyme builds RNA during transcription?
RNA polymerase
What mutation shifts the reading frame?
Frameshift mutation
What gene-editing tool cuts DNA at specific sequences?
CRISPR
What is the main source of new genetic variation?
Mutations
Speciation without physical barriers is called?
A: Sympatric speciation
What is the start codon for translation?
AUG (methionine)
Which is more harmful: missense or frameshift?
Frameshift mutation
What is recombinant DNA?
DNA made by combining genes from different organisms
What type of selection favors the average phenotype?
Stabilizing selection
Horse + donkey produces a sterile offspring called what?
A: Mule
What carries amino acids to the ribosome?
tRNA
What causes a frameshift mutation?
Insertion or deletion
What is used to identify individuals in forensics?
DNA fingerprinting
What causes random changes in allele frequency?
A: Genetic drift
What is reproductive isolation?
A: Inability of organisms to produce fertile offspring