Biology Fundaments
The concept of evolution, where a large pro-eukaryotic cell engulfed a small prokaryotic cell that held unique survival properties to create a symbiotic relationship. The larger cell gets those properties, and the smaller cell gets protection. The explanation of the origin of eukaryotic cells. What is this called?
Endosymbiosis Theory
How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in an atom of Sulfur?
Protons = 16
Neutrons = 16
Electrons = 16
Explain cohesion and adhesion.
Cohesion: Sticking together of like molecules
Adhesion: Sticking together of any/all molecules.
What is the difference between an acid and a base?
Acid: Donates hydrogen ions to a solution. Increase the concentration of hydrogen ions.
Base: Accept hydrogen ions in a solution. Decrease the concentration of hydrogen ions.
What is the element that is the basis of organic chemistry? And how many chemical bonds can it form?
Carbon
It can form 4 bonds with its 4 valence electron shells.
What are the three things living organisms are composed of?
Chemical Components, Cells, and Genetic Information
A bond that unequally shares electrons within a chemically bonded molecule formed by atoms. This is considered the strongest bond. It can be single, double, or triple bonded between electrons as well. What is this type of bond?
Polar Covalent Bond.
What does water form around hydrophilic atoms or molecules for the process of dissolving the substance, water being the solvent?
Hydration Shells
Why is pH important?
Because the hydrogen and hydroxide ions are highly reactive, change in their concentration can influence the structure and/or functioning of cells.
Disruption of homestasis.
Explain hydrolysis and dehydration reactions.
Dehydration Reaction: Creating a bond between two monomers by removing a water molecule.
Hydrolysis: Breaking a bond between two monomers by adding a water molecule.
Name the 3 Domains of Life and the 6 Kingdoms of Life.
Domains: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
Kingdoms: Fungi, Archaea, Protista, Bacteria, Animalia, Plantae
This bond is formed by intermolecular neutral molecules. It is very temporary, hence the name "Temporary Dipole". It is a weak bond that can be easily broken. What is this bond?
Explain the difference between hydrophobic and hydrophilic.
Hydrophobic: Atoms or molecules that do not have a charge. "Fear of Water". Nonpolar.
Hydrophilic: Atoms or molecules that do have a charge. "Love of Water". Polar.
If given a solution with a [H+] of 9, what is the pH and [OH-] of this solution? And would this be, acidic or basic?
pH = 9
[OH-] = 5
Basic
Which definition best describes Isomers.
A. Large molecules that are either nucleic acids, lipids, proteins, or carbohydrates.
B. Small molecules that contribute to specific properties/functions when attached to large molecules.
C. Molecules that have the same molecular formula but differ in their arrangement.
D. All of the above.
C. Molecules that have the same molecular formula but differ in arrangement.
What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory?
A hypothesis has to be testable.
A Theory has to have supporting evidence.
What are cations and anions? And what bond are they pertain to?
Cation = Positively Charged Ion
Anion = Negatively Charged Ion
Ionic Bond
Name the 5 provided characteristics of water.
Polar
Universal Solvent
High Heat Capacity
High Heat of Vaporization
Surface Tension/High Cohesive Strength
An acid and a base counteract each other. This then usually forms a product of salt or water. What is this process called?
Neutralization
Name the four macromolecules and their monomer (Building Block).
Carbohydrate = Monosaccharide
Lipid = Triglyceride
Protein = Amino Acid
Nucleic Acid = Nucleotide
Name three similarities and/or three differences between Eukaryotic cells and Prokaryotic cells.
Differences: Eukaryotes are larger. Eukaryotes have a nucleus. Prokaryotes do not have organelles. Prokaryotes are only unicellular. Eukaryotes can be unicellular and multicellular.
Similarities: Both have ribosomes. Both have a plasma/cell membrane. Both have cytoplasm. Both have DNA. Both have a cytoskeleton.
Draw a Bohr model for the element of Neon.
Protons = 10
Electrons = 10
Neutrons = 10
Draw the dissociation of a water molecule.
H2O = H+ + OH-
Solution with a pH 4 is how many times more acidic/ basic than a solution with a pH of 8?
It is 10,000 times more acidic.
Shorthand/Draw a single glucose molecule and/or a double glucose molecule.
Glucose = C6H12O6
Double Glucose = C12H22O11