Proteins & Nucleic Acids
Which structure of protein folding begins to form loops and has a 3-D volume from r-group interactions?
a. Primary
b. Secondary
c. Tertiary
d. Quaternary
c. Tertiary
In which direction is the leading strand replicated?
3 ---> 5
Which organelle is the location for protein synthesis?
a. Endoplasmic reticulum
b. Nucleus
c. Ribosome
d. Golgi Apparatus
c. Ribosome
What two components make-up cell membranes?
Phospholipids and proteins
Define kinetic energy and potential energy.
Potential energy is stored energy that has
capacity to do work (e.g., membrane potential).
Kinetic energy is actively doing work.
Which of the following are roles of proteins? Select all that apply.
a. Storage
b. Reproductive
c. Structural
d. All of the above
a. Storage
c. Structural
dsDNA naturally wants to rejoin after it is separated into ssDNA via helicase. What remedies this so replication ca occur?
Single-stranded binding protein
Which of the following are structures that all cells possess? Select all of the apply.
a. Nucleus
b. Cytoplasm
c. DNA
d. Ribosomes
e. Plasma Membrane
f. All of the above
b. Cytoplasm
c. DNA
d. Ribosomes
e. Plasma Membrane
What is the purpose of cholesterol in the cell membrane?
Animals add cholesterol to plasma membranes so they are not too fluid at warmer temperatures but fluid enough to remain permeable at colder temperatures.
How do enzymes catalyze reactions?
Lowering the activation energy (Ea) of a reaction.
Name the 4 constituents of an amino acid.
Amino Group
Carboxyl Group
Hydrogen
R group
What is the role of DNA polymerase I?
a. Polymerizes DNA nucleotides at the end of a laid-down primer.
b. Unzips DNA strands for replication.
c. Sutures DNA that replaced RNA primers to Okazaki fragments making intact dsDNA.
d. Excises RNA primers replacing them with DNA.
d. Excises RNA primers replacing them with DNA.
Name the structure of a nucleus.
The nucleolus, Chromatin, Nuclear Envelope, Nuclear Pores
Which type of transport is passive and transports material down its concentration gradient without the use of proteins?
a. Facilitated Diffusion
b. Simple Diffusion
c. Osmosis
d. Cotransport
b. Simple Diffusion
Which inhibitor blocks the active site of an enzyme directly to inhibit its function?
a. Competitive Inhibitor
b. Non-competitive inhibitor
c. Feedback Inhibition
d. All of the above
a. Competitive Inhibitor
Which are the parts that make-up nucleotides? Select all that apply.
a. Phosphate
b. Sugar
c. Nitrogenous base
d. Protein
a. Phosphate
b. Sugar
c. Nitrogenous base
Why does the lagging strand require more RNA primers and the creation of fragments unlike the leading strand?
The lagging strand is polymerized in the 5' --> 3' direction. DNA polymerase III can only add nucleotides in the 3' --> 5' direction. Primers give the incentive for DNA polymerase III to polymmerize where there is no open 3' end to add nucleotides.
What does the endosymbiosis theory purport?
Endosymbiosis theory purports mitochondria/chloroplasts
were free-living prokaryotes engulfed by eukaryotic cells.
If the environment of a red blood cell in a beaker had a higher concentration of salt than the cell itself. What is its tonicity, and how will water move in this scenario? Include the effect of the cell.
Hypertonic.
Water will move out of the cell.
This will cause the cell to crenate or shrink.
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
First Law: Energy can be transferred and transformed but it cannot be created nor destroyed.
Name the two dinucleotides that help to recharge ATP during cellular respiration. Include the B vitamin that they are made up of.
NAD+ ---> Niacin
FADH2 ---> Riboflavin
Describe the process of DNA replication using the enzymes helicase, DNA ligase, DNA polymerase I, DNA polymerase III, RNA primase, Topoisomerase and other structures Okazaki fragments, single-stranded binding protein, and RNA primer.
Cell junctions that weld cells together preventing fluids/materials from seeping between (e.g., GI tract). Which cell junction does this?
a. Desmosomes
b. Gap Junctions
c. Tight Junctions
d. Plasmodesmata
c. Tight Junctions
What type of active transport pumps ions in and out of the cell against their concentration gradient by using the energy used to transport a different material across the membrane?
a. Na+/K+ pump
b. Facilitated Diffusion
c. Osmosis
d. Cotransport
d. Cotransport
What is the difference between endergonic and exergonic energy?
Reactions that release energy are exergonic
Reactions that require energy are endergonic