Digestion
What are the three types of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide
What is Agglutination?
clumping of blood cells caused by antigens and antibodies
The volume of blood ejected each beat is what?
Stroke volume
What cells are used to remember pathogens and which are used to prevent the immune systems for attacking itself?
Memory B-cells and supprossor T-cells
What are 3 functions of the kidney?
1. Filter out wastes from blood.
2. Maintain the concentration of solutes and water in blood.
3. Maintain blood pH
What is the purpose of the gall bladder?
To store bile for when food enters the small intestine.
Who can someone with B- type blood donate to?
B, AB, B+, AB+
What part of the nervous system causes the breathing rate and heart rate to increase during a natural disaster?
Sympathetic Nervous System
What is the purpose of bone marrow (be specific), thymus, and spleen?
Bone marrow produces blood cells (RBC's , platlets, and WBC's), thymus is where WBC's mature, spleen stores RBC's and help purify blood.
Explain the sliding filament model, including what factors and myofilaments are used during the process (3 steps)
1. Calcium binds to actin
2. Myosin attaches to Actin and pulls
3. ATP attaches to Myosin to release it from actin
What are the 5 chemicals of life?
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Vitamins and Minerals
For the heart to contact what happens
the sinoatrial node stimulates the atria to contract and then the atrioventricular node stimulates the ventricles to contract through purkinji fibers
Mechanics of Breathing
Inhalation – external rib muscles and diaphragm contract:
rib cage up and outward
diaphragm downward
volume thoracic cavity increases
air pressure in lungs decreases
Exhalation – diaphragm and rib muscles relax:
rib cage down and inward
diaphragm upward
volume thoracic cavity decreases
air pressure in lungs increases
What are the general differences between the 3 lines of defence used by the body?
1st = physical
2nd = non-specifc WBC response
3rd = specific antibody response
What are the roles of the descending and ascending loops on Henle?
Descending = reabsorption of H20
Ascending = reabsoption of NaCl
What is the difference between LDL’s and HDL’s?
LDL: low density lipoprotein (BAD cholesterol)
HDL: high density lipoprotein (Good Cholesterol)
What is the blood's journey through the whole heart?
vena cava ->right atria-> tricuspid ->right ventricle ->semilunar valve -> pulmonary arteries -> pulmonary veins -> left atria- -> bicuspid -> left ventricle -> semilunar -> aorta
What enzyme increases the rate of carbonic acid formation in the blood?
Carbonic anhydrase
These components of our blood help defend against invading microbes by tagging the microbe for phagocytosis, puncturing cell membranes or triggering the formation of a mucous coating are termed
complementary proteins
What is the blood journey through the kidney?
renal Artery ->afferent arteriole -> glomerulus -> efferent arteriole ->peritubule cappilaries -> renal vein
What is the induced-fit model?
Induced-fit Model:
-Actual shape of the active site is altered slightly when the substrate molecules are trapped, forcing the fit between enzyme and substrate even tighter during the formation of the enzyme-substrate complex
What is Erythroblastosis fetalis?
If a mother is Rh- and her baby is Rh+, Erythroblastosis fetalis may occur
The first child is spared as the blood of the mother and baby are separated by the placenta
However, during birth, capillary beds rupture and the blood of the baby comes into contact with the blood of the mother
The mother’s immune system produces antibodies which may harm a second Rh+ child
WHat is the cause, effect, symptoms, and treatment for cystic fibrosis?
Cystic Fibrosis – serious genetic condition; abnormal gene disrupts cells in pulmonary tract.
over production of mucus and liquid in lungs
fluid is so thick, it cannot be coughed out
traditional transplant surgery not often successful; gene therapy research in progress
1) platlets rupture and produce blood clotting factors
2) Calcium and thromboplastin combine with prothrombin -> thrombin
3) Thrombin combines with fibrinogen to make fibrin = scab
Describe the cause, effect, symptoms, and treatment/prevention for tetanus.
Cause - bacterial infection in woud that produces toxin
Effect - uncontrollable muscle contractions
Symtpoms - painful and worsening contractions over time
Prevention - DTap Vaccine