Life History
_____ refers to the major events relating to an organism's growth, development, reproduction and survival
What is LIFE HISTORY?
_______ cause(s) describes the mechanism of the behaviour while _______ cause(s) describes the evolutionary reason why a behaviour occurs.
What is PROXIMATE and ULTIMATE?
When excessive nutrient inputs cause negative impacts on an ecosystem
What is eutrophication?
Populations can change in size due to which 4 main processes
What is birth, death, immigration and emigration?
_____ services refer to the natural processes that sustain life (water purification, soil formation, climate regulation) which depend on the integrity of natural communities and ecosystems
What is ecosystem services?
When one genotype can produce different phenotypes under difference environmental conditions
What is phenotypic plasticity?
_____ refers to when animals maximize the amount of energy required per unit of feeding effort
What is optimal foraging theory?
The four major patterns of population growth
What is exponential, logistic, fluctuations and population cycles?
_______ growth organisms reproduce in sync at distinct time periods, whereas _______ growth organisms reproduce continuously over time
What is GEOMETRIC and EXPONENTIAL?
What is secondary?
The advantages gained by increased genetic variation offset the disadvantages (reduced population growth rate, increased need for parental care)
Sexual reproduction
Time spent in a food patch is a function of travel ______ between patches, ____ of the patch, and the presence of ________.
What is TIME, QUALITY, PREDATORS?
When the number of individuals born in a given time period is a function of conditions i.e prey abundance during a previous time period
What is delayed density dependence.
When λ=1 or r=_____, the population stays the same size.
When λ<1 or r<_____, the population size decreases.
When λ>1 or r>_____, the population size increases geometrically or exponentially.
What is r=0, r<0, r>0?
The 3 main causes of biodiversity loss
What is habitat loss, habitat degradation and habitat fragmentation?
I don't provide much care to my offspring, become reproductively mature at an early age, produce a lot of offspring and have a short life span
What is an R strategist?
When a female invests more energy into her gametes relative to the male investment of energy into his gametes
Factors contributing to the extinction of a species
What is population fluctuations, small population size (reduced genetic variation, inbreeding), habitat loss, habitat degradation, habitat fragmentation?
Weather conditions, catastrophes and climate changes are all _____ factors
What is independent?
Top causes of habitat degradation are
What is invasive species, pollution and overexploitation?
The benefit to reproducing at an early age is ______ while the sacrifice is ______.
What is ensuring genes are passed on and smaller body size?
The 4 major benefits of living in groups
What is mutual caring for young, reduced risk of predation, improved foraging and reproductive success?
In a population of three asexual lizards, each lizard has a 40% probability of not producing any offspring. What is the probability that all three lizards will produce no offspring?
What is 6%?
(0.4)^3 = 0.064 = ~6%
The magnitude of birth rates, death rates and dispersal rates are a function of population size and thus are density _____ factors. These factors _____ the size of the population.
What is DEPENDENT and REGULATE?
Two types of surrogate species
What is flagship and umbrella?