Biomolecules
While all proteins are made of amino acids, the specific activity of enzymes like ATP synthase is most directly affected by these two environmental factors.
What are Temperature and pH?
Because muscle cells are highly active and require constant ATP for contraction, they contain a significantly higher number of this organelle.
What are Mitochondria?
Because sodium and potassium are ions, they cannot move through the phospholipid bilayer via simple diffusion and must use these instead.
What are Protein Channels?
These structures on the underside of a leaf allow carbon dioxide to enter for the Calvin Cycle while allowing water vapor to escape.
What are Stomata?
In an experiment measuring pea seed germination, the rate of respiration is often determined by measuring the consumption of this reactant.
What is Oxygen?
If a DNA sample is found to have 30% Cytosine, a student can use Chargaff's rules to determine that it contains this percentage of Thymine.
What is 20%?
This process is directly responsible for organisms being able to reproduce asexually.
What is Mitosis?
This functional group is common to both fatty acids and amino acids, and its presence in large quantities can make a solution more acidic. It is a combination of a Hydroxyl and Carbonyl group
What is a Carboxyl group?
A pancreatic cell responsible for mass-producing and exporting digestive enzymes would have a very high concentration of this "studded" organelle.
What is the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?
In the human respiratory system, this is the primary method by which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the alveoli and the blood.
What is Diffusion?
This specific part of the chloroplast is where the Calvin Cycle occurs, using $CO_2$ to build organic molecules.
What is the Stroma?
This byproduct builds up in muscle cells during short, intense bursts of exercise (like a 100m dash) when oxygen is limited.
What is Lactic Acid?
This enzyme is essential for starting the replication process; without it, DNA polymerase cannot attach to the template strand.
What is Primase?
During this specific phase, chromosomes are lined up at the center of the cell.
What is Metaphase?
The formation of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate is a process that requires energy and the release of this molecule.
What is Water?
These organelles contain hydrolytic enzymes and are found in high numbers in white blood cells to help digest foreign pathogens.
What are Lysosomes?
To maintain a proper nerve signal, this specific mechanism uses ATP to pump 3 Sodium ions out of the cell and 2 Potassium ions into the cell against their gradients.
What is the Sodium-Potassium Pump?
If the thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast has holes in it, the plant will most directly struggle to produce this energy-storing molecule.
What is ATP?
In aerobic respiration, oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor, eventually combining with hydrogen to form this molecule.
What is Water?
Because DNA Polymerase III can only add nucleotides in one specific direction, one strand must be replicated in fragments.
What is the 5' to 3' direction?
Modern cancer treatments like chemotherapy work by specifically targeting and killing these types of cells.
What are Rapidly Dividing Cells?
This structural feature of an enzyme, determined by its amino acid sequence, is what allows it to bind to a specific substrate.
What is its specific 3D shape (or Active Site)?
Unlike eukaryotic cells, bacteria lack these structures, which is why antibiotics can target their ribosomes without harming the host's organelles.
What are membrane-bound organelles?
If a patient's cells have a salt concentration of 300mM and their blood is 250mM, the cells will undergo this physical change.
What is Swelling (taking on water)?
This process, occurring in the thylakoid, involves light energy being used to split water, which releases oxygen as a byproduct.
What are the Light-Dependent Reactions?
During the Electron Transport Chain, high-energy electrons are passed along proteins to power the pumping of Hydrogen ions (protons). Identify the specific location within the mitochondria where these ions are concentrated to create the gradient used by ATP synthase.
What is the Intermembrane Space?
In an experimental beaker missing this enzyme, the resulting DNA would consist of short, unconnected segments rather than a continuous strand.
What is Ligase?
This term describes the division of the cytoplasm, which follows the division of the nucleus (Mitosis) to create two separate cells.
What is Cytokinesis?
Herbivores require a high concentration of this specific enzyme in their saliva to begin the breakdown of complex starches.
What is Amylase (or Salivary Amylase)?
This eukaryotic cell is unique because it is large enough to be seen under a microscope but lacks a nucleus at maturity to make room for hemoglobin to carry oxygen.
What is a Red Blood Cell?
Both of these types of transport are forms of endocytosis that require ATP to move materials into the cell; however, they differ in the "cargo" they carry. Identify which process is responsible for bringing in large, solid pathogens and which is responsible for taking in small "gulps" of extracellular fluid.
What is Phagocytosis (solid/large) and Pinocytosis (liquid/fluid)?
During the Electron Transport Chain in photosynthesis, high-energy electrons are ultimately incorporated into this carrier molecule.
What is NADPH?
If a cell is provided with radioactive carbon dioxide, these two specific molecules in the photosynthetic/respiratory pathway would NOT become radioactive.
What are Water and Oxygen?
Because DNA polymerase can only build in the 5' to 3' direction, the lagging strand must be synthesized in short, discontinuous segments. Identify the specific name given to these individual fragments of DNA.
What are Okazaki Fragments?
Students can explain why chromosomes appear as an "X" shape rather than an "I" shape by noting the cell has already completed this phase.
What is the S Phase (or G2 Phase)?