Surface area to volume ratio
3.3.1
3.3.1
Gill lamella
AND
Gill filaments
Name two structural features of gills oif a fish that increases their surface area.
(Highly )folded cell (surface) membrane
What are microvilli?
Vena cava
Which blood vesslel carries blood at a low pressure
1.larger organisms have a small SA:Vol ratio
2.Overcomes long diffusion pathway
Explain the advantage for larger animals for having a specialised system that facilitates O2 uptake
2.Short diffusion distance
Describe and explain one adaptation of a single alveolus for gas exchange
1.Add (blue)biuret solution
2.Turns purple
describe a biochemical test to show the presence of protein
1.Polar/charged
2.Binds/associated/loads (with) oxygen
Explain the property of iron ions that enables these ions to carry out their roles in red blood cells.
1.Both polysachharides made up of monosachharides
2.Contain glucose/carbon/hydrogen/oxygen
Give two ways in which the structure of starch is similiar so cellulose
1.Diffusion (across a cell surface membrane)
2.large organisms have a small SA:Volume ratio
3.Diffusion pathway would be too long
OR
Diffusion rate is too slow
Describe how gas exchnage occurs in a single-celled organisms and explain why this method cant be used by multicellular organisms.
1.Diaphragm(muscle) contracts pulling it down
2.External intercostal muscles contract moving ribgs up and out.
3.Volume of lungs increases and pressure decreases in thoracic cavity.
Describe how we breathe in
1.Movement of polar molecules
2.Movement down a concentration gradient by carrier/channel proteins
3.Active transport is the movement againts a concentration gradient via carrier protein using ATP
Describe the process of facilitated diffusion and active transport
1.Renal vein
2.Vena cava to right atrium
3.Right ventricle to pulmonary artery
Give the pathway a red blood cell takes when travelling through the human ciurculatory system,from a kidney to the lungs.
1.Facilitated diffusion involves channel or carrier proteins whereas active transport only involves carrier proteins
2.Facilitated does not use ATP becasue its passive whereas active transport uses ATP
3.Facilitated diffusion takes place down a concentration gradient whereas active transport goes against a concentration gradient
Contrast the processes of facilitaed diffusion and active transport
1.Contraction of internal intercostal muscles
2.relaxation of diaphragm/of external intercostal muscles
3.Causes decrease in volume of chest
4.Air is pushed down a pressure gradinent
Describe an explain the mechanisms that causes forced expiration
1.Hydrolysis
2.(of) glycocidic bonds
3.Starch to maltose by amylase
4.(maltose)to glucose by disaccharidease/maltase
Describe the complete digestion of starch by a mammal
1.Spiracles,trachea,tracheoles
2.Spiracles allow the diffusion of oxygen
3.tracheoles are highly branched for a large surface area
4.tracheole walls are thin,short diffusion diostance
5.Spiracles can close so less water loss
6.Hair around spiracles reduces water loss
Describe how the structure of the insect gas exchange system:
1.provides cells with sufficient oxygen
2.limits water loss
1.sucrose actively transported into phloem
2.By companion cells
3.lowers water potential in phloem and water enters from xylem by osmosis
4.Produces higher hydrostatiooc pressure
5.mass flow to respiring cells
6.Unloads/removed from phloem by active transport
Describe the transport for carbohydrates in plants