Circulatory System
Respiratory System
Digestive System
Excretory System
Immune System
100
The heart is a double pump because it pumps blood through these two circuits.
Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation
100
What two things are needed by all organisms for gas exchange?
Respiratory pigments and a respiratory surface
100
What are the six essential nutrients?
Fats, Proteins, Carbohydrates, Water, Minerals and Vitamins
100
Urine runs through this structure from the bladder to exit the body.
What is URETHRA
100
The first line of defense includes these two types of barriers.
Mechanical and Chemical
200
What are three functions of the circulatory system?
1. Transport nutrients and oxygen to body cells 2. Transport CO2 and wastes to exit the body 3. Help maintain homeostasis by helping to regulate body temperature
200
What prevents food from entering the trachea?
Epiglottis
200
This breaks enzyme down starch in the mouth. What is it and where is it produced?
Amylase which is produced by the salivary glands.
200
What are the three steps of urine formation and where does each step occur?
1. Filtration in the Bowman's Capsule & Glomerulus 2. Reabsorption in the Proximal Tubule 3. Secretion in the distal tubule
200
What is a pathogen?
Disease causing agent such as bacteria or viruses
300
What are four main components of blood?
1. Erythrocytes (red blood cells) 2. Leucocytes (white blood cells) 3. Platelets (responsible for clotting) 4. Plasma (straw coloured fluid)
300
What are the four stages of gas exchange in humans?
Inhalation, Internal Respiration, External Respiration and Oxygen Transport
300
What are the three sections of the small intestine.
Duodenum, Jejunum, and ileum
300
What are the five parts of a nephron (in order)?
Glomerulus (capillaries) -- Bowman's capsule, Proximal Tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal Tubule, Collecting Duct
300
What is meant by the term non-specific defenses?
Defenses that are the same regardless of the type of pathogen. For example - the skin is a mechanical barrier that keeps out all pathogens.
400
Describe the pathway of unoxygenated blood through the heart, to the lungs, and back out to the body.
Carried from body by vena cava ---> enters the right artrium ---> through tricuspid valve ---> right ventricle ---> pulmonary valve ---> pulmonary artery ---> lungs ---> pulmonary vein ----> left atrium ----> bicuspid valve ---- left ventricle ----> aortic valve ---->aorta ----> carried to body
400
Describe the steps of inhalation.
Active phase of breathing. Ribs move up and out, and the diaphragm is pulled downward making the chest cavity larger. This decreases the pressure in the chest cavity and air rushes in from outside to expand the lungs.
400
Lipase breaks ____A____ down into ___B___ and ____C___
A. Fats B/C. Glycerol & Fatty Acids
400
What are three functions of the liver?
1. Bile Formation - Breaks down hemoglobin to form bile 2. Urea Formation - Converts poisonous ammonia into urea 3. Detoxification - converts harmful substances into less harmful substances
400
What is the difference between an antigen and an antibody?
Antigen is a protein that identifies a cell. Antigens allow the immune system to recognize cells as self or non-self cells. Antibodies are produced by the immune system in response to a foreign antigen. Antibodies are specific to a specific antigens fitting together like a lock and key.
500
Describe the pathway of electrical impulse through the heart.
1. Pacemaker - sinoartial node initiates signal and atria contract. 2. Signal is received by the atrioventricular node which sends an impulse down the av bundle which carries the signal to the punkinje fibres. 3. The punkinje fibres tell the ventricles to contract.
500
What is the pathway of air through the respiratory system?
1. Nasal Cavity 2. Pharynx 3. Glottis / Epiglottis 4. Larynx (contain vocal cords) 5. Trachea 6. Bronchi 7. Bronchial Tubes 8. Bronchioles 9. Alveoli
500
You eat a hamburger! Describe the pathway of digestion.
Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Cardiac Sphincter, Stomach, Pyloric Sphincter, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum, Anus
500
What are the four organs of the excretory system?
Liver, Lungs, Skin, and Kidneys
500
What is another name for the 2nd line of defense? What happens during it?
Inflammatory Response Non-phagocytic leucocytes arrive at the infection site, release histamines which cause blood vessels to dilate Area becomes swollen and hot.
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