The cell cycle/Mitosis
Which phase of the cell cycle is known as the resting phase?
G0
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
CGC codes for which amino acid?
Arg
Factors that increase the risk of a mutation happening are called
Mutagens
A section of DNA that codes for a protein is called a
Gene
During which phase of mitosis are the chromosomes lined up in the middle of the cell?
Metaphase
The 3D structure of DNA is called
A double helix
During which process of protein synthesis do we go from DNA to mRNA?
Transcription
A mutation that causes a stop codon which terminates translation early, often resulting in a non-functional protein is called a
Nonsense mutation
Amino acids are joined together to form
Polypeptide chains
What comes out of the centrosome and attaches to the centromeres to pull the chromosomes apart?
Spindle fibers
Which enzyme is responsible for gluing fragments of DNA together?
Ligase
Which enzyme creates a starting point for DNA polymerase?
Primase
When one base is exchanged or swapped for another base we call it
Substitution
Codons
What is the product of mitosis?
What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?
1. Phosphate
2. Sugar
3. Nitrogenous base
What is the mRNA sequence for: TAC GGA TTT CGA
AUG CCU AAA GCU
When an organism has more than two sets of chromosomes it is called
Polyploidy
What is meant by the term "base pairing rules"?
A always goes with T
C always goes with G
What are HeLa cells?
Immortal human cells
Which enzyme cuts out RNA primers and DNA that needs fixing?
Exonuclease
mRNA turns into __________________ during translation
Protein
A mutation that causes a codon to code for a different amino acid than the original one is known as a ________________________ mutation
Missense
What are the 3 differences between RNA and DNA?
1. RNA has a ribose sugar. DNA his a deoxyribose sugar.
2. RNA has a uracil base. DNA has a thymine base.
3. RNA is single stranded. DNA is double stranded
During which phase of mitosis does the DNA condense into chromosomes and the nuclear envelope start to break down?
Prophase
Chromosomes are molecules of DNA that are tightly bound by
Histones
A mutation changes the mRNA codon from GAA to UAA. What type of mutation occurred and what effect might it have? (use your codon chart!)
This is a nonsense mutation because UAA is a stop codon. It would cause the protein to stop forming early.
Are all mutations bad? Explain.
No, some mutations can be beneficial or neutral. A neutral mutation would be the mutation that changes the fur color on a dog. A beneficial mutation is the peppered moths changing color during the industrial revolution.
One half of a chromosome is called a
Chromatid
Centromere
Why must DNA replicate BEFORE cell division?
Each daughter cell needs DNA.
Why is the order of amino acids important in a protein?
The order determines the protein's shape and function.
What is Aneuploidy?
When an organism has too many or too few chromosomes
Which phases of the cell cycle are included in interphase?
G1, S, G2