Enzymes
Enzymes are made of ...
Protein
Name 3 types of transport that does NOT require energy.
Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis
Draw and label a chloroplast
Stroma
Thylakoid - Grana
Outer and inner membrane
Draw and label a mitochondria
Outer and inner membrane
cristae
matrix
Cell division that produces 2 genetically identical cells
What is the lock and key model of fit?
Where the active site and the substrate bind perfectly.
Osmosis involves movement of __________ down a concentration gradient
Water
Word equation for photosythesis
carbon dioxide + water -----> glucose + oxygen
Word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals
glucose --> lactic acid + 2ATP
Why does mitosis occur?
Growth and repair
Where do competitive inhibitors bind?
The active site - they outcompete the substrate molecules, decreasing the rate of reaction
Solution has higher solute concentration, lower free available water molecules than the cell
Name the first phase of photosynthesis.
Where does it occur
What happens in this phase?
Light dependent
Thylakoid membrane
Sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll, splits water molecules, H+ over to next phase, O2 excreted as waste
equation for aerobic respiration
glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water + 36-38 ATP
Why does DNA replication occur?
So the new cells from mitosis have DNA to go into them to enable the cells to function
What happens if the pH decreases or increases beyond the optimal pH for an enzyme?
The enzyme denatures
- H bonds break that hold its shape
- active site changes shape
- substrate cant bind
- reaction rate decreases
What happens to animal AND plant cells when placed in a hypotonic solution?
Animal cells - lyse
Plant cells - turgid
What is the name of second phase of PS?
Where does it occur?
What happens?
Stroma
CO2 fixed by enzymes so it can bond with H+ ions = glucose
Advantage & disadvantage for anaerobic respiration
fast, no oxygen required, keeps body functioning
-
lactic acid produced, inefficient in ATP
What are the 3 steps in DNA replication?
1. Enzymes break H bonds between bases (unwind, unzip)
2. Enzymes add new nucleotides to make new daughter strand, uses parent strand as template
3. Enzymes check new strand for mutations/errors
As temperatures increase, so does enzyme activity (up to optimal temp). Why?
Increasing temps = increasing kinetic energy = collisions between enzymes & substrates
Define active transport (include 3 facts)
- Against concentration gradient
- Requires energy
- Uses protein pumps
Water, Light, Temperature (enzymes)
Locations for each of the 3 stages in aerobic respiration
Cytoplasm, matrix of mitochondria, cristae of mitochondria
3 factors that affect the rate of DNA replication
Glucose, Temp, pH, Conc, Inhibitors, Cofactors