XL genes
What is the ebb and flow of genetic material in a population?
Gene flow
What is a mutation in gametes or gamete-producing cells?
Germ mutation
What is using chemicals to poison and disrupt cell processes in abnormal cell so that they can't divide?
Chemotherapy
What is the term for inserting a tumor-suppressing gene into DNA?
Gene therapy
What holds telomeres together?
Telomerase
What is a mutated proto-oncogene that stimulates cells to grow out of control?
Oncogene
What is the range of genotype differences between individuals of the same gene pool?
Genetic variation
What is the process of using fragments of DNA to identify individuals?
Genetic fingerprinting
What is a genome?
An organism's full set of genetic material
What occurs during a frameshift mutation?
A nucleotide is inserted or deleted, causing the whole codon to be shifted
In what type of cells does crossing over of genetic material occur during meiosis?
Eukaryotes
What is a vector?
A microscopic vehicle (often a bacteria or virus) that delivers the recombinant DNA
What is the difference between monosomy and trisomy?
Monosomy - one less chromosome than needed
Trisomy - one more chromosome than needed
What is the difference between genetic load and mutation load?
Genetic load - the measure of the health and fitness of a population
Mutation load - the number of mutations sustained by an organism or gene pool
What is nondisjunction?
The failure of chromosomes to separate during mitosis
Grow quickly
Are cost-efficient
What is the difference between the bottleneck effect and the founder effect?
Bottleneck effect - when a large portion of the population dies, and the remaining organisms change the allele frequency
Founder effect - when a small population moves to a new area and the allele frequency changes with the smaller group
What is the difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor?
Benign tumor - doesn't spread to other parts of the body
Malignant tumor - spreads to other parts of the body
Explain how recombinant DNA is made.
Step 1: Reading DNA
Restriction enzymes cut DNA in specific places into pieces for study. Then, sequencing is done by computers to determine the order of nucleotides within DNA
Step 2: Manipulating DNA
A polymerase chain reaction helps make more DNA. Then, geneticists introduce gametes into the DNA strands to make customized DNA. This can often be done via bacteria.
Give two drawbacks of GMOs
Popular pushback
Sometimes not disease resistant