The Nature of Matter
What are the two types of particles found in the nucleus of an atom?
Protons and Neutrons
What term describes a molecule, like water, that has a slightly positive end and a slightly negative end?
Polar Molecule
What unique ability of carbon atoms allows them to form the backbone of millions of different large and complex structures?
The ability to form 4 bonds.
What is changed during a chemical reaction?
The chemical bonds that join atoms in compounds.
What is the difference in hydrogen ion (H⁺) concentration between a solution with a pH of 1 and a solution with a pH of 4?
1000 times greater.
If an atom has 7 protons and 6 electrons, what is its overall electrical charge?
+1 - it would be a cation
The attraction between the hydrogen atom of one water molecule and the oxygen atom of another is called a what?
Hydrogen Bond
What are the four main groups of macromolecules found in living things?
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, and Proteins
What is the term for the energy that is needed to get a chemical reaction started?
Activation energy
What is released during the formation of a peptide bond?
Carbon-12, Carbon-13, and Carbon-14 are examples of what?
Isotopes
What property of water, resulting from hydrogen bonding, causes the phenomenon of surface tension?
What is the name of the process where large polymers are built by joining smaller monomer units together?
Polymerization
What is the specific name for the reactants in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?
Substrates
A scientist analyzes a large biological polymer and finds it is composed of monomers that each contain a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. What molecule did she discover?
Nucleotide/nucleic acid.
What type of chemical bond results from the electrical attraction between positively and negatively charged ions?
Ionic Bond
On the pH scale, each step represents a factor of how many times the concentration of H+ ions changes?
10 times
Plants store excess sugar as starch, while animals store it as which polysaccharide?
Glycogen
The part of the enzyme where the substrates bind is called the what?
Active site
How do enzymes speed up reactions?
The lower the activation energy.
What are the weak intermolecular forces that occur due to tiny, temporary charged regions in molecules called?
Van der Waals forces
What is the name for substances that prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH, allowing biological systems to maintain homeostasis?
Buffers
Amino acids differ from each other based on the specific chemical composition of what part?
The side chain, or the R-group.
The enzyme carbonic anhydrase speeds up a reaction by a factor of 10 million, write the chemical formula for the reaction.
CO2 + H2O <--> H2CO3
What are the two types of inhibitors that can affect enzymes?
Competitive and non-competitive inhibitors.