What is this?
What is the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs?
Autotrophs- Produce their own food, heterotrophs get their energy from other living things: consumers
This describes pairs in nucleotides including: adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine
base pairs
RNA that carries information out of the nucleus:
mRNA
What is thymine replaced with?
Uracil
Nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA store
Information
What is the molecule that cells use to temporarily store energy? And how is energy released?
ATP, From ATP to ADP to react with water
What enzyme is involved in replication?
DNA polymerase.
Triplet nucleotide bases that correspond to a particular amino acid are:
Codons
This type of RNA picks up amino acids in the cytoplasm and brings them to the ribosome for assembly into a protein.
What are ribosomes made of?
tRNA, rRNA
What DNA molecules bond? Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Uracil, Cytosine
A-U, A-T, C-G
Adjacent amino acids in a protein are joined by
Peptide Bonds
DNA is made of a chain of these and used to store information.
Nucleotide.
When 2 anticodons are linked with corresponding codons, they form a peptide bond in a process called
Protein Synthesis
A transfer RNA aligns its amino acid in the proper sequence by matching its ___________ to the corresponding codon on the messenger RNA.
Anticodons
Two sides of DNA ladder are composed of alternating ____________. Why is DNA called a double helix?
Sugars and Phosphate groups, Two twisted strands held together by hydrogen bonds
Which part of a nucleotide is different in each of the five kinds of nucleotides found in DNA or RNA?
Base
Define amino acids and mutations.
Mutation: Mistakes made during DNA replication
Amino Acid: Roughly 20, molecules used to build proteins
Why does uracil replace thymine?
So that DNA can travel outside of the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
What is the cellular organelle that reads an RNA strand and assembles amino acids into a protein
Ribosomes
What are the 3 types of RNAs and where are they found?
mRNA: Nucleus
tRNA: Cytoplasm
rRNA: Ribosome
What is anabolism and catabolism? Which one releases heat?
Anabolism: combines smaller molecules with larger ones to store energy
Catabolism: breaks down larger molecules into smaller ones to release energy usually in the form of heat
Define replication, transcription, and translation.
Replication: Process of making a DNA molecule by copying an existing DNA molecule
Transcription: Process of copying an RNA molecule from a DNA molecule
Translation: Process of assembling a protein on the basis of the information in an RNA molecule
What is the difference between an intron and an exon?
Intron: Portion of an RNA molecule that does not contain information for making a protein and is removed prior to the RNA molecule leaving the nucleus.
Exon Portion of RNA molecule that codes for making a protein
Describe the differences between transcription and translation, include what is going on, why the processes occur, what is involved, and where it is taking place:
Transcription: DNA to mRNA, to make new mRNA that has the information for proteins, DNA Bases, RNA Bases, Enzyme RNA Polymerase, RNA goes from nucleus to cytoplasm
Translation: mRNA to proteins, make hormones such as insulin; RNA Bases, Amino Acids mRNA and tRNA, in the cytoplasm on ribosomes
Make a corresponding mRNA and tRNA, how many amino acids are there, and what is the start amino acid?
GCAACTTTAAGGCCCG
mRNA: CGUUGAAAUUCCGGGC
tRNA GCAAGUUUAAGGCCCG