Chapter 1
What is cells are the simplest unit of life, living oranisms use energy, living organisms interact whit their environment, living organisms maintain homeostasis, living organisms grow and develop, the genetic material provides a blueprint for reproduction, populations of organisms evolve from one generation to the next, all species (past and present) are related by an evolutionary history, structure determines function, new characteristics of life emerge from complex interactions, biology is an experimental science, biology affects society?
Chemicals of Life
What is oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen?
Organic molecules
What is abundant in living organisms, include macromolecules, contain carbon?
Cell Theory
What is all living organisms are composed of one or more cells, cells are the smallest unit of life, new cells come only from pre-existing cells by cell division (mitosis or cytokinesis)?
Functions of water
What is participates in chemical reactions, provides support, eliminates soluble waste, evaporates to dissipate heat, cohesion allows for movement against gravity, serves as a lubricant, surface tension?
Levels of organization
What is atoms, molecules and macromolecules, cells, tissues, organs, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, biosphere?
Covalent Bonds
What is formed between two nonmetals, polar: formed between two atoms of different electronegativities; the electrons are more likely to be found closer to the more electronegative atom; soluble, nonpolar: insoluble?
Hydrocarbons
What is formed from C-C and C-H, nonpolar, hydrophobic, poorly soluble?
Microscopy
What is resolution: the ability to distinguish two adjacent objects from one another, contrast: how different one structure looks from another, magnification: ratio between the size of an image produced by a microscope, light microscope: uses light for illumination, electron microscope: uses a beam of electrons for illumination; transmission electron micrograph; scanning electron micrograph?
Saccharides
What is monosaccharides: simple sugars; pentoses; ribose C5H10O5; deoxyribose C5H10O4; hexoses; glucose, polysaccharides: two or more monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds in dehydration reactions?
Eukarya
What is Protists: unicellular and multicellular; divided into seven subgroups, Plants: multicellular and can perform photosynthesis, Fungi: unicellular and multicellular and cannot perform photosynthesis, Animals: multicellular; usually have a nervous system; must eat other organisms or the products of other organisms to survive?
Hydrogen Bonds
What is formed between two polar molecules, has a weak force?
Functional Groups
What is Amino: NH2; found in amino acids; polar; weakly basic; can accept H+; forms peptide bonds, Carbonyl: CO; found in steroids proteins and waxes; nonpolar; highly reactive; forms hydrogen bonds; ketone and aldehyde, Carboxyl: COOH; found in amino acids and fatty acids; polar and forms peptide bonds, Hydroxyl: OH; found in steroids alcohols carbohydrates and some amino acids; polar; forms hydrogen bonds in water, Methyl: CH3; found in DNA carbohydrates and proteins; nonpolar, Phosphate: PO4; found in nucleic acid ATP and phospholipids; polar and weakly acidic, Sulfate: SO4; found in proteins lipids and carbohydrates; polar, Sulfhydryl: SH; found in proteins with the amino acid cysteine; polar and forms disulfide bridges?
Two Categories of life
What is Prokaryotes: simple cell structure and no nucleus, Eukaryotes: more complex cells and DNA enclosed in membrane-bound nucleus and internal membranes form organelles?
Typical Eukaryotic Cell
What is cytosol:region within a euakaryotic cell that is between the plasma membrane and the nucleus; where metabolic activities take place, cytoplasm, endomembrane system, semiautonomous organelles?
Taxonomic Groups
What is Domain, Supergroup, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species?
Van der Waals dispersion forces
What is occur when electrons are distributed unevenly, strong force, temporary attraction
What is dehydration: the removal of a water molecule to join two monomers, hydrolysis: the addition of a water molecule to break down a polymer?
Prokaryotic Cells
What is bacteria: small cells; very abundant in environmentl vast majority not harmful to humans; some species cause disease, archaea: small cells, less common; found in extreme environments?
pH
What is -log10[H+], [H+] + [OH] = 10-14?
Prokarya
What is Bacteria: unicellular and some multicellular, found in most environments, Archaea: unicellular, found in extreme environments?
What is a charged partical, cations: positive charge; metals, anions: negative charge; nonmetals?
Major organic molecules
What is carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids?
Typical Bacteria Cells
What is inside the plasma membrane: cytoplasm: contained within plasma membrane, nucleiod region: where DNA is located, ribosomes: synthesize proteins; outside the plasma membrane: cell wall: provides support and protection; glycocalyx: traps water gives protection and helps evade immune systems; Pili: for attachment; Flagellum: for movement?
Energy Storage v. Structural
What is energy storage: starches and glycogen, structural: cellulose, peptidoglycans, chitin, glycosaminoglycans?