Review Guides 1-2
Review Guides 3-4
Review Guides 5-6
Review Guides 7-8
All Review Guides
100
Define homeostasis.
Failure to maintain homeostasis results in _______ or ___________.
Homeostasis is often maintained during ___________ mechanisms.
...maintaining a balanced internal environment.
disease or death
feedback
100
What is the difference between autotroph and heterotroph?
Autotroph - organisms that make their own food
Heterotroph - organisms that need to obtain nutrients from other organisms
Mushroom is a heterotroph because it breaks down organic matter (unable to perform photosynthesis)
100
Mitosis OR. Meiosis
The number and types of chromosomes in the daughter cells are the same as in the parent cell.
Mitosis
100
TRUE or FALSE
The organism evolved to live in its environment.
FALSE
Individual organisms do not evolve. Only populations can evolve. Individual organisms are selected to survive or not survive.
100
What are the two main types of cells? How does each cell differ?
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
200
Describe the organization of living creatures.
Organelles>Cells>Tissue>Organ>Organ System>Organism
200
What inorganic materials are needed for photosynthesis to occur? These materials are then converted into organic nutrients in the form of what?
How is this different for organisms that carry out aerobic respiration? How much energy is produced?
Inorganic Materials: carbon dioxide, water
Organic Nutrients: sugar/glucose
Aerobic respiration is carried out in the organism's mitochondria, with the input of oxygen, producing 38 ATP
200
Meiosis makes gametes, which will be used in sexual reproduction. The gametes are described as being haploid, meaning what?
Being that meiosis consists of one cell dividing TWICE, how can variation occur during metaphase 1?
One set of chromosomes (half normal number = 23)
Mutations and crossing-over of pairs of homologous chromosomes
200
Which two are the most closely related?
a. B and C
b. B and E
c. E and A
d. A and B
d. A and B
200
Binary fission is an example of what type of reproduction? Explain why.
Asexual Reproduction >> offspring are IDENTICAL to the parent
300
An experiment was set up using three tanks to investigate the effect of a new chemical-X. Each tank had a different concentration of chemical-X. Ten sea urchin eggs were placed into each of the three tanks. A fourth tank was set up as a control. Identify the independent and dependent variable, as well as the control group.
IV - chemical-X
DV - number of hatched sea urchin eggs
Control Group - tank with NO chemical-X
300
How does cell differentiation occur?
All the cells of your body all contain the SAME DNA, but DIFFERENT GENES are turned on or off in different cells.
Allows for cells to have different structure, thus different function.
300
What is the role of the placenta, with regards to the mother and the fetus?
Placenta allows for nutrients and oxygen to be transferred from the mother's blood into the blood of the fetus through diffusion. It also allows for waste to be removed from the fetus, into the mother's blood.
300
What are the three main patterns of natural selection? Define each.
Directional - favors one phenotype, causing curve to shift in that direction
Stabilizing - favors intermediate phenotype, causing curve to narrow
Disruptive - favors two extreme phenotypes, causing two curves to form
300
The formation of a new species requires ___________. Provide two examples.
Isolation
Geographic - mountain
Reproductive - behavior, timing/temporal
400
Identify the four major organic compounds that make up living organisms.
These large molecules are synthesized from smaller building blocks, monomers, through what process?
Organic polymers are broken down into monomers by what process?
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
Dehydration Synthesis
Hydrolysis
400
What is the difference between passive and active transport? Provide three examples of passive transport and two examples of active transport.
Passive - no energy required (high to low concentration)
>>diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis
Active - energy required (low to high concentration)
>>endocytosis, exocytosis
400
What does DNA, within cells, allow for the synthesis of?
Describe the overall structure of a DNA molecule - specifically the bases and how they pair.
Proteins
Repeating subunits of nucleotides - phosphate group, 5-carbon sugar, nitrogen base
A-T in equal amount & G-C in equal amount
400
Define the following community interactions:
Competition (-/-)
Predation (+/-)
Mutualism (+/+)
Parasitism (+/-)
Commensalism (+/0)
Competition (-/-) - two species compete for resources
Predation (+/-) - one organism consumes another
Mutualism (+/+) - both organisms benefit
Parasitism (+/-) - one organism benefits at the expense of another
Commensalism (+/0) - one organism benefits, other is neither helped nor harmed
400
What are invasive species? Why are they able to increase substantially in number within a given area?
Non-native species; No natural predators and can out-compete native species for resources
500
What happens when an enzyme is "denatured"?
What causes the "denaturing"? (list two)
Identify a range for each of the following:
Acidic pH - ?
Neutral pH - ?
Basic pH - ?
What helps to maintain pH homeostasis?
changes structure, affecting its ability to function
Temperature & pH
Acidic: 1 - 6
Neutral: 7
Basic: 8 - 14
Buffer
500
Why do cells divide? What allows a cell to be considered more efficient?
Remain small in size
500
What is genetic engineering?
Provide an example.
process of using recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology to alter the genetic makeup of an organism
Ex. gene for spider silk; gene for human insulin
500
Define ecological succession.
What are the two main types? Describe both.
Predictable change in an ecosystem following a disturbance.
Primary (no soil) vs Secondary (soil)
500
a. Which organism provides energy to the frog?
b. Which organism does the frog provide energy to?
c. Identify the organism in the second trophic level.
a. insects
b. hawk
c. insects