Cell Cycle
What are the purposes of Cell Division?
- Asexual Reproduction
- Growth and Development
- Tissue Renewal
What are RIBOZYMES?
These are RNA molecules that act as an enzyme and can catalyze certain reactions
Forms of Energy (200 Bonus Points for naming what each form of energy does)
- Kinetic Energy: Energy of Movement
- Potential Energy: Stored energy that is potentially usable
- Mechanical Energy: energy possessed by an object thatresults from a motion
-Chemical Energy: Energy formed from atoms of a molecule
What is the input and the output of Photosynthesis?
Input is 6 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and 12 Water (H2O). Then after a while, the product ends with 6 Glucose, 6 Water, and 6 Oxygen.
What are the inputs and outputs of Cellular Respiration?
Sugar and Oxygen (x6) molecules enter and the result/product is 6 Carbon Dioxide molecules, 6 Water molecules, and ATP.
What are the different components of a Chromosome?
-2 identical sister chromatids
Arms: Extensions of the Centromere
Centromere: region of chromatids being the closest together
Cohesions: protein complexes that attach both chromatids together lengthwise
What is the model that refers to the changing of shape or enzyme active site to enhance the fit between the active site and the substrate?
The Induced Fit Model
First is that no energy can be created or destroyed but only manipulated
Second is that no process is 100% efficient and because of such energy will always be lost in the manipulation of energy from one form to another
What are the two reaction sets that occur within Photosynthesis? What are they for?
Light Reaction: used during the day for most plants for the conversion of solar energy into ATP and NADPH.
Calvin-Cycle Reaction: used at night for most plants to use the products of light reaction to reduce CO2 to a carbohydrate
How many phases of Cellular Respiration are there and what are their names?
1: Glycolsis
2: Preparatory Reaction
3: Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle or Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle)
4: Electron Transport Chain
*******DAILY DOUBLE ******
In what order do the stages of Interphase occur and what happens within those phases?
G1 Phase: Organelles and the Size of the Cell increase and materials for division are gathered
S-Phase: This is where DNA synthesis and replication occurs
G2 Phase: the creation of proteins needed for division occurs
What are the different types of Enzyme Inhibitions?
- These occur when molecules bind to enzymes and decrease activities
1: Noncompetitive Inhibition: inhibitor binds to an allosteric site (not the active site)
2: Competitive Inhibition: inhibitor binds to the active site (Molecules "fight" with a substrate to bind to an enzyme's active site)
What is the difference between Endergonic and Exergonic processes when referring to Gibs Free Energy?
Endergonic: energy that requires an input of energy for a reaction to occur
Exergonic: a spontaneous reaction that releases energy
What is the difference between the color and the purpose of the pigments within the chloroplasts?
Chlorophyll A: This is a light-capturing pigment that is directly involved in the light reaction of photosynthesis (this gives off a blue-green hue)
Chlorophyll B: this pigment transfers energy to Chlorophyll A and is an olive green color
Cartenoids: this is an accessory pigment used for photoprotection that absorbs violet/blue-green which is why it appears as a yellow/orange hue
What is an example of an Anaerobic reaction that can be found within Cellular Respiration?
Fermentation which is the limited production of ATP due to an O2 absence, can form Lactate or Alcohol as well as 2CO2 and 2 ATP net gain.
What are the stages of Mitosis and what occurs within these steps?
Prophase: this is where the Chromatin is condensed and chromosomes become visible (nuclear envelope begins to disappear)
Prometaphase: chromosomes are condensed but not fully aligned
Metaphase: chromosomes become aligned and centrosomes are at opposite poles
Anaphase: chromosomes move towards spindle poles
Telophase: spindles disappear and now nuclear envelope form
What are the factors of Enzymatic Rate?
-Ph: specific pH that increases the reaction rate
-Substrate Concentration: the more there is the more that can be completed or created
-Temperature: higher temperatures mean higher activity until the limit is hit (then Denaturation occurs)
What is needed for ATP activation?
Proteins are needed for activation or else ATP remains "inactive"
FILL IN THE BLANKS:
Three molecules of _______ interact with _____ upon entrance where they undergo carbon fixation with RuBP molecules.
Carbon Dioxide
Rubisco
Where does the Acetyl CoA come from in the Citric Acid Cycle?
These come from the preparatory reaction in which the 2 pyruvates from the initial Glycolysis reaction break down into 2 Acetyl CoA. This is also called Pyruvate Oxidation.
Explain Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDks)
This is a checkpoint to regulate the Cell Cycle in which, to continue past the G2 checkpoint, Kinases must be attached to cyclin to begin active
What is a substrate and what is the relationship between the substrate and an enzyme?
These are molecules that an enzyme acts upon to initiate a reaction
What is Oxidation in terms of Reduction Reactions?
These are chemical reactions in which one molecule gives up an electron while the other molecule accepts the electron
Explain what happens in the two Photosystems.
There is a P680 Chlorophyll A molecule that acts as an electron donor to the Primary Electron Acceptor where an Enzyme splits a water molecule to replenish the P680 Chlorophyll A molecule with an electron to create O2.
These electrons then pass through the acceptor through a electron transport chain to Photosystem I where ATP and a proton gradient will be produced. Once in Photosystem I, light energy excites the electrons and P700 donates an electron to the Primary Electron Acceptor in Photosystem I. These transfer to a NADPH+ reductase where 2NADPH is created
What is the purpose of Catabolism and what is the difference between that and Anabolism?
Catabolism is the breakdown of larger macromolecules into smaller molecules while Anabolism is the opposite in which molecules are joined to form larger macromolecules.