Cells & Organelles
What is the basic unit of life?
Cell
Which macromolecule is made of monosaccharide monomers and provides short-term energy?
carbohydrates
In which organelle does photosynthesis occur?
chloroplast
Who is the father of genetics and what organism did he experiment with?
Gregor Mendel, pea plants
What is mitosis used for in multicellular organisms?
1) growth
2) repair
3) asexual reproduction
Name the organelle that produces most of the cell's ATP.
mitochondria
What test would you use to detect starch?
iodine test
Name the pigment that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
chlorophyll
Define homozygous.
Having two identical alleles
interphase, S phase
Describe 2 differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Prokaryotes - no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryotes - nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Define an enzyme and state which macromolecule group it belongs to.
An enzyme is a biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions; protein
What does cellular respiration produce?
ATP
Define heterozygous
Having two different alleles
How many cells result at the end of meiosis and are they haploid or diploid?
4 haploid cells
Which organelle is the site of protein synthesis?
ribosome
How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions?
They lower activation energy.
Where does respiration occur and what are its reactants?
mitochondria; glucose and oxygen
Describe incomplete dominance
Neither allele is completely dominant, so a heterozygous genotype results in a phenotype that is a combination of phenotypes
Explain crossing over and state during which phase of meiosis it occurs.
Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, increasing genetic variation; it occurs during Prophase I of meiosis.
How does the structure of the cell membrane allow it to maintain homeostasis? Include phospholipid, hydrophilic, and hydrophobic.
The membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails inward; this arrangement makes it selectively permeable, allowing some substances through and keeping others out to maintain homeostasis.
What do nucleic acids do? Provide two examples.
Store genetic information; DNA and RNA
How are respiration and photosynthesis related?
They are opposites of each other. The reactants of photosynthesis (carbon dioxide and water) are the products of respiration; the products of photosynthesis (glucose and oxygen) are the reactants of respiration.
A parent with genotype Bb is crossed with bb. What are the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring?
Genotypes: 50% Bb, 50% bb.
Phenotypes: 50% show dominant trait, 50% show recessive trait.
Give the stages of mitosis in order
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase