Chemistry of Life
Water molecules form these types of bonds between neighboring water molecules because every water molecule has a positive charged side and a negatively charged side.
What is hydrogen bonds?
These provide structure and support to the body of an organism.
What are Cells?
C6H12O6 (s) + 6 O2 (g) → 6 CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (l) + energy
What is cellular respiration?
A process by which cells duplicate their contents and then divide to yield multiple cells with similar, if not duplicate, contents.
The process by which a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules.
What is replication?
The flow of water through a plant up the root hairs, through the xylem within the stem, and out of the stomas in the leaves.
What is transpiration?
The power-house of the cell responsible for using O2 to break down glucose and release energy in the form of ATP.
What is the Mitochondria?
This is the energy produced during cellular respiration.
What is ATP?
During this phase cells increase in size and DNA replicates.
What is Interphase?
Molecules carry the coding sequences for protein synthesis and are called transcripts
What is Messenger RNA?
The property of water that allows water to flow up plants against gravity.
All living organisms are composed of one or more cells
The cell is the most basic unit of life
All cells arise only from pre-existing cells
What is the Cell Theory?
Respiration in the absence of oxygen.
What is anaerobic respiration?
This is the nuclear division resulting in the production of two somatic cells having the same genetic complement (genetically identical) as the original cell.
What is Mitosis?
The three main types of RNA
mRNA(Messenger RNA), rRNA(ribosomal RNA), and tRNA(transfer RNA)
The amount of heat one gram of a substance must absorb or lose to change its temperature by one degree Celsius.
What is specific heat?
What organelle provides rigid support to plants, fungi, and some bacteria and allows these organisms to avoid swelling and bursting in a hypotonic solution.
What is the cell wall?
4 ATP are produced during the __________ phase of cellular respiration.
Glycolysis
The ultimate goal of the process is to reduce the number of chromosomes by half to produce gametes.
What is Meiosis?
Adenine always pairs with Thymine except in RNA then it pairs with ___________.
What is Uracil?
As the water evaporates, energy is taken up by the process, ________ the environment where the evaporation is taking place.
What is cooling?
What organelle divides the interior of the cell from the outside world while selectively allowing certain substances to move in and out of the cell.
What is the Plasma Membrane/Cell Membrane
2 ATP are produced in this cycle.
What is the Krebs Cycle?
Nuclear envelope disintegrates and a spindle of microtubules forms. Centrioles may help organize the spindle as in this animal cell. The chromosomes begin to move toward the midplane of the spindle
What is Prophase?
Cytosine always pairs with _________
What is Guanine?
Since water is a _______ molecule with slightly positive and slightly negative charges, ions and polar molecules can readily dissolve in it
What is polar?
This is where a cell stores useful items it will need later on.
What is a vacuole?
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2.
What is photosynthesis?
Specialized cell (egg or sperm) used in sexual reproduction containing half the normal number of chromosomes of a somatic cell.
What is a gamete?
This consists of a sugar molecule (either ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA) attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base.
What is a nucleotide?
Property of water the allows solid water (ice) to float on top of liquid water insulating the liquid water below from freezing.
What is expansion upon freezing?
This organelle contains digestive enzymes and breaks down old organelles into useful parts.
What is a lysosome?
These Items are needed for photosynthesis.
What are water, carbon dioxide and sunlight?
Centromeres separate and the sister chromatids, now termed chromosomes, are pulled toward opposite poles of the spindle.
What is Anaphase?
After the primer is in place on a single, unwound polynucleotide strand, DNA ________ wraps itself around that strand, and it attaches new nucleotides to the exposed nitrogenous bases
What is polymerase?
This is a liquid mixture in which a heavier substance is suspended temporarily in a liquid, but over time, settles out.
What is a suspension?
These make up the cell membrane.
What are phospholipids?
The reactions in photosynthesis.
What are the dark and light reactions?
A nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes, the spindle disappears and the chromosomes decondense.
What is Telophase?
A change in the DNA code within the genome of an organism e.g. G --> T
What is a mutation?
(Can be bad, neutral, or good depending on circumstances)
This allows for the development of surface tension, the capacity of a substance to withstand being ruptured when placed under tension or stress.
What is Cohesion ?
This is where DNA is located.
What is the nucleus?
3 steps in cellular respiration
What are Glycolysis, the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain.
When they are on the midplane with centromeres attached to spindle fibers
What is Metaphase?
Unzips DNA for replication.
What is helicase?
The attraction of molecules for other molecules of a different kind
What is Adhesion?
This type of cell has membrane bound organelles.
What is a Eukaryotic cell?
The by product of anaerobic respiration.
What is lactic acid?
The physical process of cell division, which divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells.
What is cytokinesis?
Humans have ________ pairs of chromosomes.
What is 23?