Atoms and Bonds
What particles are found in the nucleus of an atom?
Protons and neutrons
Which macromolecule stores genetic information?
Answer: Nucleic acids
Why is water considered a polar molecule?
Electrons are pulled more toward oxygen
In a chemical reaction, what are the substances you start with called?
Reactants
What is the definition of biology?
the study of life
What determines the chemical identity of an atom?
The number of protons
What is the monomer of a protein?
Answer: Amino acid
What kind of bond causes cohesion in water?
Hydrogen bond
What are the substances formed during a chemical reaction called?
Products
What is the difference between a law and a theory?
Law = A statement that describes a pattern in nature or something that always happens under certain conditions. It tells what happens
Theory = It tells why or how something happens and is supported by lots of evidence.
What’s the difference between covalent and ionic bonds?
Covalent = shared electrons, Ionic = transferred electrons
Name the four types of macromolecules.
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)
What is the active site of an enzyme?
The part where the substrate binds
What kind of reaction releases energy as heat?
Exothermic
Describe the difference between the dependent and independent variable
Independent Variable: The factor that the scientist changes on purpose in an experiment. (The “cause”).
Dependent Variable: The factor that is measured or observed as a result of that change. (The “effect”).
What do isotopes of an element differ in?
Number of neutrons
What is the monomer of a carbohydrate? Give one example.
Monosaccharide; example: glucose
What does an enzyme do to activation energy?
Lowers it
Balance this equation: __ H₂ + __ O₂ → __ H₂O
2 H₂ + 1 O₂ → 2 H₂O
What is pseudoscience? Give at least 2 examples
Pseudoscience = claims, beliefs, or practices that sound scientific but aren’t based on the scientific method or reliable evidence.
Example: Astrology is pseudoscience because it claims stars determine personality, but it isn’t supported by testable, scientific evidence.
What causes van der Waals forces?
Movement of electrons causing temporary charges
Complete this: Lipids are made of __________ + __________ and function in __________
Answer: Glycerol + fatty acids; energy storage, insulation, cell membranes
Label the enzyme-substrate complex with these parts: enzyme, substrate, active site, product.
Must label all correctly on diagram or orally explain relationships
What happens to ATP when it releases energy?
The bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate is broken
What are the 8 characteristics of life?
Made of one or more cells – the basic unit of life.
Displays organization – different levels (cells → tissues → organs → systems → organism).
Grows and develops – increase in size and changes over time.
Reproduces – can produce new organisms (asexual or sexual).
Responds to stimuli – reacts to changes in the environment.
Requires energy – metabolism (using energy to build up or break down materials).
Maintains homeostasis – keeps internal conditions stable.
Adapts and evolves over time – populations change to survive in their environment.