Chapter 9: The Immune System
What cells engulf and destroy bacteria and debris?
Phagocytes
What iron-containing protein carries most of the oxygen in the blood?
Hemoglobin
What are the two main structures in the CNS?
Brain and spinal cord
What are the 5 tastes?
Sweet, salty, bitter, sour, unami
What does ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) do?
Conserve water, released in response to dehydration
What type of T cell kills infected cells by releasing proteins that make pores and toxic enzymes?
Cytotoxic T-cells
What form is carbon dioxide transported as in the blood?
Bicarbonate
Briefly describe the sodium-potassium pump.
2 K+ in, 3 Na+ out
Where are the incus, malleus, and stapes located?
Middle ear
What is the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes?
Type 1- insulin dependent
Type 2- non-insulin dependent
What type of B cell waits for a later encounter with a specific antigen?
Memory B-cell
Where is the respiratory center in the brain?
Medulla oblongata
What is the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system?
Sympathetic- "fight or flight"
Parasympathetic- "relax and digest"
Briefly explain the difference between rods and cones.
Cones- detect color, less sensitive, more accurate images
Rods- no color, more sensitive
What is the "master gland" that releases hormones that regulate a lot of bodily functions?
Pituitary gland
What are the 3 systems of defense, in order?
Outer barrier, non-specific defense, specific defense
Name the 3 main structures in the lungs.
Bronchi, bronchioles, aveloi
What substance insulates neurons to allow faster conduction of action potentials?
Myelin
What are the semicircular canals involved in?
Balance
What are the 3 hormones released by the anterior pituitary gland?
FSH + LH (sexual maturation)
GH (growth hormone)
Briefly explain how a vaccine works.
A patient is exposed to an antigen (usually weakened in some way) from a pathogen to induce a primary immune response, which then creates memory cells
How does gas exchange occur?
Diffusion: gases move from area of high concentration to low concentration
ex. in tissues O2 diffuses into cells, while CO2 diffuses into blood
What is the blood-brain barrier?
This protective barrier regulates the passage of substances from the blood to the central nervous system
How do rods and cones signal?
They either release or decrease neurotransmitters, which inhibit bipolar neurons or make them more active
What hormone released by the pancreas lower blood sugar levels?
What hormone released by the pancreas raises blood sugar levels?
Insulin
Glucagon