chapter 1: Themes of Biology
Describe what is meant by an "emergent property"
New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.
Identify the elements that compose living matter.
oxygen (O), carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and nitrogen (N). Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S) and a few other elements accounts for most of the remaining or so of an organisms mass.
Cohesive behavior
One result of cohesion due to hydrogen bonding is high surface tension, a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid.
What molecules make up ATP
Adenine + Ribose + 3 Phosphate groups
Nucleic Acids
Store genetic information and are involved in gene expression.
What is an example of an emergent property between plants and animals?
The balance of gases in ecosystems is an emergent property arising from the interactions of plants and animals
ionic
one atom gives an element, and one takes. bond is formed by attraction of positive (+), and negative (-) charged ions. It's properties are reasonably strong, but not as strong as covalent. gains (negative/anion). -loses (positive/cation)
ability to moderate temperature
Water moderates air temperature by absorbing heat from air that is warmer and releasing stored heat to air that is cooler.
a very simple definition of a hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbons are organic molecules composed solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
triglycerides
A fat molecule consisting of three fatty acids linked to glycerol
Place the levels of biological organization in sequence from molecule toecosystem
The biosphere, ecosystems, communities, populations, organisms, organ, tissues, cells, organelles, and molecules
covalent (non-polar)
electrons are shared equally between atoms. It's properties has no partial charge
Versatility as a solvent
Water is a very versatile solvent, a quality we can trace to the polarity of the water molecule.
What feature distinguishes a saturated fat from an unsaturated fat?
The presence of double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain
Unsaturated Fats
contain one or more double bonds in their hydrocarbon chains.
Identify examples of information transmission in biological systems
DNA
Covalent (polar)
electrons are shared unequally between atoms, and results in partial charge.
Expansion upon freezing
Water expands when it freezes due to hydrogen bonds forming a structured lattice, making ice less dense than liquid water.
what is ATP
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a molecule composed of adenosine and three phosphate groups.
saturated fats
Saturated fats have no double bonds between carbon atoms in their hydrocarbon chains.
dentify examples of transformation of materials and energy in biological systems
The input of energy from the sun and the transformation of energy from one form to another make life possible• SUN>>Producers>> Consumers- Photosynethsis converts sun energy to chemical- Consumers consume
hydrogen
attractions between molecules, with partial charges. The properties happens among molecules, and not atoms.
why does cohesive behavior matter
Water molecules stick to each other (cohesion) and to other surfaces (adhesion). This lets plants pull water upward through their roots and stems against gravity, supplying nutrients all the way to their leaves. Without this, tall plants and trees couldn't survive.
why is ATP so important in biology?
ATP is important because it supplies the usable energy that keeps cells (and therefore life) running.
What kind of protein is X
Protein X is a type of protein that is destined to span the plasma membrane. This means it is likely a membrane protein, which plays a crucial role in various cellular functions