Cell Division & Growth
Why do multicellular organisms have many small cells instead of a few large cells?
Large cells are less efficient than small cells, if cells are too large they do not work properly
What are the three stages of the central dogma?
DNA --> RNA --> Protein.
What is heredity?
The study of the inheritance of traits across generations.
What is evolution?
The change in inheritable traits of populations over time.
What is ecology?
The study of the interaction between biotic and abiotic factors in an environment.
Name 3 of 5 of the All-time NBA Point Leaders.
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Karl Malone, Kobe Bryant LeBron James, Michael Jordan.
What term is given for the division of one parent cell into two daughter cells?
Mitosis
What three processes allow the central dogma to produce proteins?
1) DNA Replication
2) Transcription
3) Translation
Who is Gregor Mendel, what did he study?
Gregor Mendel is the father of modern genetics who studied inheritance patterns in pea plants
Who was the father of evolution, where did he gather the evidence for his famous theory?
Charles Darwin, the Galapagos Islands.
Define biotic and abiotic.
Abiotic: Non-living things.
Biotic: Living things.
Name 3 of the past 5 most recent World Series winners.
Boston Red Sox, Houston Astros, Chicago Cubs, Kansas City Royals, San Fransisco Giants.
What process produces gametes?
Meiosis
The DNA molecule is made up of three major parts which combine to form a unique double helix. What are the parts and the chemical bonds which make up the DNA molecule?
1) 5-Carbon Sugar
2) Phosphate
3) Nucleic Acid
Covalent bonds = back bone
Hydrogen bonds = bind together complementary base pairs.
Define the terms: Gene, Trait, Allele
Gene: DNA which codes for a trait.
Trait: A section of DNA which codes for a heritable feature.
Allele: Multiple versions of a trait
What is natural selection?
Traits inherited at random can provide organisms advantages in an environment which allow them to survive and reproduce.
Name 3 characteristics of living things:
1) Made of Cells.
2) Have DNA.
3) Grow.
4) Reproduce.
5) Pass on genes.
6) Adapt.
Name 3 of the previous 5 FIFA World Cup Winners.
France, Germany, Spain, Italy, Brazil.
Name the stages of the cell cycle.
1) Interphase
2) Prophase
3) Metaphase
4) Anaphase
5) Telophase & Cytokinesis
There are five nucleic acids, which are found in DNA and which are found in RNA?
1) Adenine: DNA, RNA
2) Guanine: DNA, RNA
3) Cytosine: DNA, RNA
4) Thymine: DNA
5) Uracil: DNA, RNA
Define the terms: Genotype, Homozygous, Heterozygous, Phenotype, Dominant, and Recessive.
Genotype: a combination of alleles inherited from the parent generation.
Homozygous: two of the same alleles
Heterozygous: Two different alleles
Phenotype: Physical characteristics determined by genotype alleles.
Dominant: Alleles which appear in phenotype with only one copy.
Recessive: Alleles which appear in the phenotypes with only two copies.
Name the forces for conditions for natural selection.
1) Overproduction.
2) Heritable Variation
3) Fitness.
4) Adaptation.
What do all complete food webs have?
Producers, herbivores, omnivores, and carnivores.
If you have coulrophobia you are afraid of what type of colorful entertainment?
Clowns.
Name 3 the differences between mitosis and meiosis.
1) Crossing over during Prophase 1
2) Diploid or Haploid
3) 2 or 4 cells produced
4) 4 vs. 8 major steps
5) Sister chromosomes vs sister chromatids
Translation is the conversion of an mRNA template into a protein, list the major biological molecules and steps of this process.
1) mRNA
2) tRNA
3) Ribosome
4) Amino Acid
Step 1: Initiation
Step 2: Elongation
Step 3: Termination
Describe which Mendelian Laws of Inheritance incomplete dominance, codominance, and multiple alleles inheritance break.
1) Incomplete Dominance: Law of Dominance.
2) Codominance: Law of Dominance.
3) Multiple Alleles: Law of Independent Assortment, Law of Dominance, Law of Segregation.
Name 3 different kinds of evidence for evolution
Evidence includes Fossil record, embryology, vestigial structures, homologous structures, the geographic distribution of species.
Describe the flow of energy from the 1st trophic level to the 4th trophic level, how much energy is retained from level to level and how much is lost?
Producers-->Primary consumers (herbivore) --> Secondary Consumer (omnivores) --> Tertiary Consumer (carnovores).
10% is transfered, 90% is lost.
What is the total number of electoral college votes required to successfully win the election to the office of the President of the United States of America?
Bonus: What is the LOWEST number of states required to win?
1) 270
2) 11