Cell Transport
Which cell organelle serves as the barrier to maintain homeostasis of the cell?
Cell membrane
What type of macromolecule is DNA?
Polymer
Nucleic Acid
What is the ultimate importance of the scientific method?
Name the man who began our study of genetics.
Gregor Mendel
What is Biology?
The Study of Life
Of what is the cell membrane composed?
bi-lipid layer proteins carbohydrates
What is the repeating unit of the polymer, DNA?
Monomer - Nucleotide
The impetus to experiment starts first with a ________________.
Question or problem to answer / solve.
How did Mendel control the pollination of his pea plants?
He performed cross-pollination by cutting off the anthers of certain pure breed flowers (purple) and pollinating them by paintbrush from the opposite pure breed flowers (white).
How many characteristics are common to all life and name 4.
8
Composed of cells
Reproduce
Maintain Homeostasis
DNA
Require materials for energy
Growth and Development
Respond to stimuli
Evolve
Name the protein that permits the easy flow of water into and out of the cell membrane.
Aquaporin
Per Chargaff's rule, Purines always equal Pyrimidines in number. THis is another way of saying that in the DNA molecule,
Thymine always bonds with _______________ and
Cytosine always bonds with _________________
Adenine
Guanine
THe group that receives no changes to the norm and is used as a basis for comparison is known as the _________________.
Control group
Which parental cross produced all hybrid offspring with the dominant traits?
Filial 1 - the cross of two opposite true breed parents.
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
What form of transport across the cell membrane requires energy expenditure of ATP?
Active Transport
What 2 types of bonds hold the DNA ladder or zipper together and where are they found?
Covalent bond (strong bond) is found between the phosphate and ribose sugar of 2 different nucleotides.
Hydrogen bond (weaker - allowing molecule to "unzip") is found between the base pairs of nitrogens).
In the experimental group, fertilizer was added to the water of plants to test whether this would increase their growth and vigor. The fertilizer is known as the _______________________ variable.
Independent
The F1 cross offspring, having each a dominant and a recessive allele for a trait are also known as ______________________ for their differing alleles.
Heterozygous
Given that there is a 50% probability (or 1 in 2 ) chance for a birth to be a boy, what is the probability that the same family will have 5 boys?
1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2 =
1/32 or
3% probability that a family would have 5 boys
Why do cells grow in number moreso than in size? What is the name of an important ratio with regard to this?
It is inefficient to get nutrients in and waste out of a large cell.
The Surface Area to Volume ratio supports this fact.
If Cytosine and Thymine are differently shaped than Adenine and Guanine (and they are), what keeps the DNA "ladder" from going "wonky"?
A Pyrimidine (one ring - T, C)
always bonds with a Purine (two rings - A, G)
so every rung of the ladder has 3 rings because C only joins with G and T only joins with A.
In the experimental group, fertilizer was added to the water of plants to test whether this would increase their growth and vigor. What is the dependent variable of this experiment?
The growth and vigor of the plant.
Mendel's foray into genetics - while important and necessary - was simplistic compared with what we now know of genetics. Give one example of a more complicated, "non-Mendelian" genetic reality.
Co-dominance
Incomplete dominance
Multiple Alleles
Polygenic traits
Non-Mendelian inheritance -
mitochondrial DNA comes only from
your mother
Keisha works in a lab studying microbiology. She is currently interested in how cells might change shape slightly given their environmental and homeostatic conditions. She has access to a scanning electron microscope and a transmission electron microscope. Which will suit her purposes at this time and why?
The scanning electron microscope is her choice. It will bounce electrons off the cell, giving an image of its exterior shape.
The transmission electron microscope would require very thin cross sections be prepared for the slide - changing the shape of the cell. It would give a picture of the contents of the cell as the light passes through the thin cross-sections.