Cell Structure and
Function
Function
Name the two types of fermentation used by organisms.
Lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation.
What is the end result of cell division (mitosis)?
2 daughter cells identical to the original cell and each other.
What are genes? What are they used for?
Sequences of nucleotides that code for specific genetic information.
What is meiosis? How many cells are produced during each ‘round’? Are these new cells haploid or diploid?
A process of cell division that produces gametes (reproductive cells such as sperm and egg).
Only 1 cell is produced in each 'round'.
These new cells are haploid.
What is a gene mutation and name the types of gene mutations.
Gene Mutation: a change in the nucleotide sequence of a single gene.
Frameshift Mutation: deletion or insertion
Point Mutation: silent mutation, missense mutation, nonsense mutation
What does an ‘aerobic’ process require?
It requires oxygen to work.
If a parent cell has 16 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will each of the daughter cells have?
16
What is DNA replication? If the original DNA sequence is GATCCAT, what will the new, complementary strand be?
DNA replication is when a cell's DNA is copied before cell division in order to build complimentary strands so that each new cell has a full set of chromosomes in the form of 2 identical DNA molecules.
CTAGGTA
What occurs during crossing-over in meiosis? What is the result?
During crossing over, homologous chromosome pairs may exchange corresponding sections of genes.
The result is increasing genetic variation as it it creates new combinations of traits in each chromosome.
What is a chromosomal mutation and name the types of chromosomal mutations.
Chromosomal Mutation: changes in the structure or number of chromosomes.
Types: gene duplication, gene deletion, gene inversion, gene translocation,
Write the chemical equation of photosynthesis. Identify the reactants and products. (note: sunlight is not a reactant)
(Reactants) 6 CO2 + 6 H2O) > C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2 (Products)
What is cancer?
A disorder caused by uncontrolled growth and division of cells, often leading to tumors (abnormal mass of cells).
What is the sequence of the transfer of information in a cell, during gene expression?
DNA > RNA > Proteins
How does meiosis contribute to the diversity among sexually reproducing species?
Through segregation: each new cell will have a complete set of chromosomes, but will be genetically different from one another due to the different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosome pairings.
What is the result of nondisjunction in gametes?
When chromosomes don't separate properly, it leads to chromosome disorders.
What is cellular respiration? What is broken down? What is released/made?
Cellular respiration is a multi-step process when sugar is broken down to release energy and capture it in the form of ATP.
What is the eukaryotic cell cycle? What is the role of checkpoint genes and tumor suppressor genes in the cell cycle?
The eukaryotic cell cycle includes Interphase (G1, S, G2) and cell division/mitosis.
The role of the checkpoint genes is to produce proteins that determine if and when a cell passes through each stage of the cell cycle.
The tumor suppressor gene codes for proteins that repair damage and regulate cell growth.
What happens during translation?
The mRNA nucleotide sequence is read by a ribosome to build a protein.
If a species diploid number is 20, what would its gametes’ haploid number be?
10
Compare dominant alleles to recessive alleles.
If a homozygous orange flowered plant is crossed with a homozygous red flowered plant, and all offspring are red, which trait is dominant?
Dominant: one copy of the gene allows the trait to be shown
Recessive: two copies of the gene are needed to show the trait
Red
Name the stages of cellular respiration in the correct order.
Glycolosis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain
Name and describe the events of the 3 stages of interphase.
G1: cell growth
S: DNA replication
G2: preparation for mitosis
Determine the amino acids represented by the following codons: CAC, GUA, AAU
HIS, VAL, ASNA
What is a gene mutation? If a mutation occurs in the DNA sequence, what may be the result?
Any change in the sequence of DNA.
The result would be changes to one or more proteins that are produced by that gene.
Define incomplete dominance.
Incomplete Dominance: neither allele is dominant to the other; when both alleles are present, the two traits blend together.