Water/ pH
Macromolecules
cell structure/function
cell resp/ photo synth
types of cells
100
What is the difference between Ionic and Covalent bonds?
Ionic bonds are an attraction between charged ions and polar covalent bonds are an UNEVEN sharing of electrons
100
List the 4 building blocks of life
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
100
Know the main structures of the digestive system and the type of molecules digested at each structure.
mouth= carbs stomach= proteins small intestines= carbs, proteins, lipids
100
what are criteria for gas exchange in animals
large SA, thin, near circulatory system, moist to make diffusion easier
100
name differences b/w eu and pro karyotes
Eu= has nucleus, many linear chrms, has membrane organelles, 10-100 um (size), cell wall is cellulose, most are multicellular, larger ribosomes pro= no nucleus, one circular DNA, no membrane organelles, 1-10 um (size), cell wall is peptidogylcan, only unicellular, smaller ribosomes
200
Name the five properties of water
Universal solvent, less dense as a solid than liquid, high specific heat (hydrogen bonds), evaporative cooling, and cohesion and adhesion
200
list the type of carbs to each characteristic: A. polysaccharide made by plants for structure+support B. polysaccharide made by animals for energy storage C. monosaccharide aka blood sugar+main source of energy used by your cells D. polysaccharide made by plants for energy storage E. disaccharide made by plants that is used for energy after it is disassembled F. polysaccharide made by animals for structure+support
A. cellulose B. glycogen C. glucose D. amylose E. sucrose F. chitin
200
What nitrogen-containing molecules are used as nitrogen wastes and why?
??? urea?
200
name the path of O2 and CO2 from the heart to the lungs
CO2 enters heart at right atrium --> right ventricle ---> pulmonary artery ----> lungs (dumps of CO2 and picks up O2) ---> pulmonary veins ---> left atrium ---> left ventricle ---> aortic valve ---> arteries, arterioles, capillaries ---> O2 to cells and picks up CO2 ---> venules, veins --> larger vena cava ---> right atrium
200
explain endosymbiosis theory
glycolysis only eukaryote phagoctyosised a cell. resp prokaryote and wasnt digested and is today's cells with mitochondria along with not digesting a cell. resp prokaryote, some phagocytosised a photosynthetic prokaryote thats todays plant cells with mitochondira and chloroplasts
300
Define pH.
pH= a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.
300
Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated triglyceride lipids and give the common name for each
saturated= only single bonds between carbons to closely packed and fats unsaturated= double bonds (kinks) make it not as closely packed and oils
300
Describe the fluid-mosaic model of the membrane and explain how the phospholipid bilayer is selectively permeable. Compare and contrast diffusion and osmosis. Compare and contrast active and passive transport. Explain the role of membrane proteins in transport.
it is a variety of molecules. active= energy is required passive= energy not needed by cell channel proteins= passive only carrier proteins= passive or active macromolecules (pro+carbs) - too big to fit b/w phospholipids and require active transport for facilitated diffusion small ions- polar so are repelled by phobic interior and need passive transport for facilitated diffusion nonpolar- are permeable b/c not repelled by phobic interior water- repelled by phobic interior so need water channels for osmosis gases- permeable b/c small and non polar
300
list and describe the three main things in photosynthesis
glycolysis- glucose to pyruvate to krebs (and ATP released) krebs cycle- chem rxn of macromolecules and H's to ETC (CO2 released) ETC- oxygen and H's to make ATP and H+ and release H2O i tihnk
300
explain the two reproductive cycles of viruses and which is scarier and why
lytic= hijack cells to make more viruses and lysis of host cell lysogenic= insertion of viral dna into host chrm and copied when host cell reproduces and may enter lytic later in time lyso is scarier b/c hidden to WBC's
400
Explain the processes of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis.
dehydration synthesis= make a new molecule by pulling out H2O hydrolysis= adding H2O to split apart complex molecules
400
Differentiate between the various levels of protein structure—primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary. Explain the type of bonds responsible for maintaining the protein’s shape at each organizational level.
primary= the sequence of a.a. - polypeptide bonds? secondary= a-Helix and B-pleated sheet - h-bonds tertiary= overall 3-D shape - h-bonds, covalent, ionic quaternary= multiple polypeptide chains - ?
400
Describe the structure and function of the nephron and explain the role of diffusion in human kidneys
proximal tubule= nutrients (active, out), water (passive, out) descending loop= water (passive, out) ascending loop= NA+ (active, out) distal tubule= H+ (active, in) collecting duct= water (passive, out)
400
describe the 2 diff types of fermentation and what they release
alcoholic= glycolysis = glucose to pyruvates. add H to get ethanol. CO2 removed from the pyruvate lactic acid= glycolysis = glucose to pyruvates. add H to get lactic acid
400
explaiun why a virus isnt alive
doesnt obtain or use energy, doesnt grow and develop, does reproduce, doesnt respond to stimuli, doesnt have homeostasis, but does adapt and evolve
500
How does adding an acid and/or base affect the pH value? the hydrogen ion concentration?
acidic= low pH number with many H+ basic= high pH number with more OH-
500
Identify the main functional side chain (-R) groupings and their chemical properties.
hydroxyl - OH - polar, hydrophilic carboxyl - COOH - neg charged, philic, acidic amino - NH2 - pos charged, basic sulfhydryl - SH - forms disulfide bridges b/w cysteine a.a. phosphate - PO4 - ned charged, acidic
500
Contrast hypertonic versus hypotonic and tell what happens to a plant in each situation
hypo= less solute hyper=more solute cell=hyper - turgid (in a normal cell, it lyses) iso - none cell=hypo - plasmolyzed
500
descirbe photosynth- what each part needs and releases
light reactions = need light energy and H2O. give ATP and H to calvin calvin= CO2, ATP, and H needed and it releases G3P
500
explain every aspect about how DNA replicates and then divides
helicase - SSBs - SNA Pol - ligase mitosis- you know it
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