Meiosis and Genetics
This term describes an organism that has two identical alleles for a particular trait (e.g., BB or bb)
What is homozygous?
In DNA base-pairing rules, adenine always pairs with this specific pyrimidine base.
What is thymine?
This is the ultimate source of all new alleles and genetic variation within a population.
What is a mutation?
This molecule, known as the universal energy currency of the cell, is the primary chemical output of cellular respiration.
What is ATP?
This is the physical or observable expression of an organism's genetic makeup.
What is a phenotype?
This is the total number of chromosomes found in a normal, healthy human gamete.
What is 23?
According to Chargaff's rules, if a DNA sample contains 20% cytosine, it must contain this percentage of guanine.
What is 20%?
This term refers to any heritable trait that increases an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in its specific environment.
What is an adaptation?
This gas is a necessary reactant for aerobic cellular respiration but is released as a waste byproduct during photosynthesis.
What is oxygen (O2)?
In RNA, this nitrogenous base replaces thymine.
What is uracil?
A cross between a red flower and a white flower producing all pink offspring is an example of this inheritance pattern.
What is incomplete dominance?
This is the central dogma of molecular biology, describing the flow of genetic information in a cell.
What is DNA to RNA to Protein?
These structures, like the human appendix or whale pelvic bones, are remnants of organs that had a function in an early ancestor but are no longer useful.
What are vestigial structures?
This term describes any organism that must consume other living things to obtain its energy and nutrients.
What is a heterotroph (or consumer)?
This refers to the gradual change in the heritable characteristics of a biological population over successive generations.
What is evolution?
In flowers, a homozygous red flower mated to a homozygous white flower results in a heterozygous pink flower. If two pink flowers mate, this is the odds that they will have a solid white flower child.
What is 25%?
This cellular process copies a segment of DNA into a primary RNA transcript inside the nucleus.
What is transcription?
Structures that share a similar anatomical framework due to common ancestry, like a human arm and a bat's wing, are called this.
What are homologous structures?
This type of animal occupies the third trophic level of a food web because it primarily hunts and eats herbivorous primary consumers.
What is a secondary consumer (or carnivore)?
This pattern of evolution occurs when two unrelated species develop similar traits because they adapt to similar environmental pressures, not because of a common ancestor.
What is convergent evolution?
If a person with Type A blood (whose parent was Type O) has a child with a person with Type B blood (who is homozygous), this is the probability their child will have Type AB blood.
What is 50% (OR 1/2)?
If a template DNA strand reads T-A-C-G-T-A, this will be the complementary sequence of the mRNA strand produced during transcription.
What is A-U-G-C-A-U?
Bird wings and butterfly wings serve the same function (flight) but developed from different embryonic origins. They are examples of these structures.
What are analogous structures?
This gas is absorbed by plants from the atmosphere to be used as the carbon source for building sugars.
What is carbon dioxide (CO2)
This simple six-carbon sugar (C6H12O6) is the primary fuel source broken down during cellular respiration.
What is glucose?