Biotechnology and bioethics
It applies biological systems, organisms, or their derivatives to develop products and technologies to satisfy human or environmental needs
Biotechnology
It's a segment of DNA with information for the synthesis of a protein or a functional RNA molecule
Gene
What is the name for the process in which DNA duplicates itself?
Replication
What is the name for the G1, S, and G2 stages as a whole?
Interphase
How many cells are produced by mitosis and meiosis, respectively?
Meiosis: 4 cells
It's the application of ethics to know what is right or wrong regarding medical decisions, environmental questions, use of other species, etc., which is the base for legal contexts
Bioethics
Where is DNA located in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotes: nucleoid and plasmids
Eukaryotes: nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts (for plants and algae)
What is the name for the process in which the information from DNA is used to produce RNA?
Transcription
What organisms asexually divide their cells by binary fission and what organisms by mitosis?
Prokaryotes and eukaryotes, respectively
What phase of mitosis is the one in which chromosomes can be seen easier because they are at their most condensed state and aligned at the center?
Metaphase
Give an example of modern biotechnology
Genetic engineering, gene therapy, vaccine production, cloning, medications, bioremediation, genetically modified foods, etc.
What are the main functions of DNA and RNA?
DNA: stores genetic information and provides directions for its own replication
RNA: transmits genetic information for protein synthesis
What is the name of the process in which information from RNA is used to produce a sequence of amino acids as part of a protein?
Translation
What happens in the S phase?
DNA synthesis
In what type of cells does meiosis happen?
Germinal cells (the ones that produce egg cells and sperm cells)
Give an example of early/traditional biotechnology
Animal domestication, agriculture, yoghurt production, bread production, fermented drink production, tools made from animal or plant parts, etc.
What do DNA and RNA mean?
DNA: desoxyribonucleic acid
RNA: ribonucleic acid
What is the process used by some viruses to produce DNA from a sequence of RNA?
Reverse transcription
What can happen if the cell cycle doesn't work correctly?
Genetic defects may arise and uncontrolled cell divisions can occur, leading to cancer.
What is the function of the mitotic spindle?
It bonds to chromosomes to align them at the middle of the cell and separates sister chromatids from each other during mitosis
Mention three types of biotechnology and what their application is:
Red (health and medical applications) - Pink (human welfare and leisure)
Green (agriculture/farming) - White (industrial/manufacturing uses)
Grey (environment) - Yellow (food and nutrition)
Brown (arid and desertic areas improvement) - Blue (water resources)
Gold (bioinformatics) - Purple (connection with society: regulation, ethics, etc.)
Dark (bioterrorism and biowarfare) - Light (protection against accidents and misuse)
What are the differences in the structure of DNA and RNA?
DNA: double-stranded helix - deoxyribose as sugar - adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine as nucleobases/nitrogenous bases
RNA: single-stranded helix - ribose as sugar - adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine as nucleobases/nitrogenous bases
What is the name of the whole set of processes in which genetic information is transmitted among DNA, RNA, and proteins?
Central dogma of molecular biology
What is the G0 phase? Give an example of cells in G0
It's a phase outside of the regular cell cycle in which cells don't divide. The most known example is neuron cells
Why is recombination important in meiosis?
Chromosomes from female and male progenitors mix pieces together, which allows descendants to have unique genetic combinations