A
The movement of proton through ATP synthase is called _________, which couples the proton gradient to ATP production
Chemiosmosis
Which bond releases energy in ATP?
Second-third phosphate
Which process produces the most ATP?
Oxidative phosphorylation
What is the difference between magnification and resolution?
Magnification is how much larger an image is compared to the actual specimen.
Resolution is the ability to distinguish two close points as separate from each other.
In both oxidative phosporylation and photophosphorylation, ATP is synthesised as protons flow through the enzyme ______________ down their electrochemical gradient
ATP synthase
Which factors limit photosynthesis?
Light,CO2 and temperature
What does loss of cell cycle control leads to?
cancer
Summarise the light-dependent reaction/
Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll, exciting electrons. These electrons pass along an electron transport chain to produce ATP. Water is split (photolysis) to provide electrons and hydrogen ions, releasing oxygen. NADP is reduced to NADPH.
Why do prokaryotic cells reproduce faster than eukaryotic cells?
Simpler structure and binary fission
What is the primary function of the golgi apparatus
It modifies, sorts and packages proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reiticulum for storage within the cell or export outside the cell
What is the name of the ratio CO₂ produced / O₂ consumed?
Respiratory Quotient (RQ)
Summarise prophase of mitosis.
Chromosomes condense and become visible as sister chromatids joined at the centromere. The nuclear envelope breaks down, and spindle fibres begin to form.
What is the difference between "prokaryotic" cell and a "eukaryotic" cell regarding the location of DNA
DNA location: In prokaryotic cells, DNA is not enclosed in a nuclues and floats freely in a region called the nucleoid;in eukaryotic cells, DNA is enclosed within a true nuclues.
What does the "Endosymbiotic Theory" explain, and what are two pieces of evidencce for it found in mitochonderia and chloroplasts?
Endsymbiotic Theory:
1. Explanation: it explains the origin of mitochonderia and chloroplasts as having once been independent prokaryotic organisms that were engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells.
2. Evidence: Both organelles contain their own circular DNA, have 705 ribosomes (similar to bacteria), and posses double membranes.
What is the term for enzyme-controlled removal of CO₂?
Decarboxylation
Describe the functions of the cytoskeleton.
The cytoskeleton maintains cell shape, supports organelles, and enables intracellular transport. It also plays a role in cell division and cell movement.
What are two types of protein filaments that make up the cytoskeleton and provide structure to the cell
Cytoskeleton FIlaments: Microfilaments (made of actin) and microtubules (hollow structures made of tubulin)
List the three main principles of the modern cell theory
Principles of Cell Theory:
1. All living things are made up of one or more cells
What is the location of Electron carrier chain (ETC)?
Inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae membrane)
Describe the role of cholesterol in the cell membrane.
Cholesterol regulates membrane fluidity. It makes the membrane less fluid at high temperatures and prevents it from becoming too rigid at low temperatures.