Biology Inter-Competition (Girls)

A

1

The cyclic electron pathway in chloroplasts primarily increases the production of _________

ATP

2

The 4-carbon compound regenerated at the end of the cycle is________

Oxaloacetate

3

State two limitations of light microscopes

Limited resolution and inability to view ultrastructure

4

Give one structural difference between rough and smotth ER and relate it to function.

Rough ER has ribosomes for protein synthesis; smooth ER synthesizes lipids

5

What is selectice permeability?

Allows some substanes to pass while restricting others.

B

1

State two roles of ATP

Active transport and muscle contraction (for synthesis)

2

Why dont plant cells burst in hypotonic solutions?

presence of a rigid cell wall creating turgor pressure

3

What is the name of the ratio CO2 produced /O2 consumed?

Respiratory Quoteint (RQ)

4

What is the term for enzyme-controlled removal of CO2

Decarboxylation

5

What is the difference between magnification and resolution?

Magnification is how much larger an image is compared to the actual specimen.
Resolution is the ability to distinguish two close points as separate from each other.

C

1

Summarise the light-dependent reaction.

Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll, exciting electrons. These electrons pass along an electron transport chain to produce ATP. Water is split (photolysis) to provide electrons and hydrogen ions, releasing oxygen. NADP is reduced to NADPH.

2

Summarise prophase of mitosis.

Chromosomes condense and become visible as sister chromatids joined at the centromere. The nuclear envelope breaks down, and spindle fibres begin to form.

3

Describe the functions of the cytoskeleton

The cytoskeleton maintains cell shape, supports organelles, and enables intracellular transport. It also plays a role in cell division and cell movement.

4

Describe the role of cholesterol in the cell membrane.

Cholesterol regulates membrane fluidity. It makes the membrane less fluid at high temperatures and prevents it from becoming too rigid at low temperatures.

5

Which bond releases energy in ATP?

Second-third phosphate 

D

1

Which factors limit photosynthesis?

Light,CO2 and temperature

2

Which process produces the most ATP

Oxidative phoshporylation

3

Which checkpoint ensures DNA is undamaged before mitosis

G2

4

What does loss of cell cycle controld leads to

Cancer

5

What is  the location of Electron carrier chain (ETC)

Inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae membrane)

E

1

What is the structure that prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxgenated blood?

septum

2

Which large vein returns deoxgenated blood to the heart?

Venca cava

3

What does the "Endosymbiotic Theory" explain, and what are two pieces of evidence for it found in mitochondria and chloroplasts? 

Endosymbiotic Theory:

1. • Explanation: It explains the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts as having once been independent prokaryotic organisms that were engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells. 

   • Evidence: Both organelles contain their own circular DNA, have 70S ribosomes (similar to bacteria), and possess double membranes. 

4

What is the difference between a "prokaryotic" cell and a "eukaryotic" cell regarding the location of DNA? 

DNA Location: In prokaryotic cells, DNA is not enclosed in a nucleus and floats freely in a region called the nucleoid; in eukaryotic cells, DNA is enclosed within a true nucleus. 

5

List the three main principles of the modern cell theory. 

1. Principles of Cell Theory:

2. • All living things are made up of one or more cells. 

   • The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living things. 

   • New cells are produced only from existing cells.