Basic Chemistry
Atoms with an equal amount of protons and electrons are...
Electrically neutral.
The four things all cells have:
Proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and plasma membranes.
Based on phylogeny, what organisms divided into three domains are eukaryotic and prokaryotic?
Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic; eukarya are eukaryotic.
What are the three types of amino acid R-groups?
Nonpolar covalent bond vs Polar covalent bond
Nonpolar covalent bonds share electrons equally. Polar covalent bonds do not share electrons equally and thus have partial charges.
Structure of each cell component correlates with what?
Function.
Many prokaryotes use this to convert sunlight into chemical energy and develop the infoldings of the plasma membrane.
What are the three steps of DNA replication for nucleic acids?
1) two strands are separated by breaking the hydrogen bonds.
2) free deoxyribonucleotides form hydrogen bonds with the complementary bases on the original DNA strand -> template strand
3) complementary base pairing allows each strand to be copied exactly, leading to two identical daughter molecules.
What makes something hydrophilic?
Due to H2O having partial charges, any substance with polar and ionic molecules gravitate to the partial charges of oxygen and hydrogen.
What are the two types of RNA in the nucleolus?
Ribosomal RNA, which binds proteins to form ribosomes, and messenger RNA/mRNA, which carries information that allows for protein synthesis.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) VS smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
RER: contains many ribosomes, synthesizes proteins that will be transported to other organelles, inserted into the plasma membrane, and secreted to the cell exterior.
SER: lacks ribosomes, has enzymes that catalyze reactions with lipids, can synthesize/break down lipids, breaks down poisonous substances, acts as a reservoir for Ca2+ ions.
What are the ribonucleotide bases for the primary structure of RNA?
A, U, G, and C.
What common type of molecule(s) has linear geometry?
CO2 and N2.
What are nuclear envelopes perforated with?
What is the centre of reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions in the eukaryotic cell?
Peroxisomes.
For polysaccharide structures, two of the most common glycosidic linkages are:
Alpha-1,4-glycosidic linkage and beta-1,4-glycosidic linkage.
Why does water take a long time to boil?
Due to the high heat of vapourization for water, it takes a long while to break down water's hydrogen bonds because it needs so much energy.
When lyosome-bound proteins get a phosphate group attached to their surface, what occurs?
Mannose-6-phosphate.
In bacteria, what is the cytoskeleton important for?
Cell division.
Hypertonic VS Hyptonic VS Isotonic Solutions.
Hypertonic: water is moved out of the cell; cell shrinks.
Hypotonic: water is moved into the cell; cell expands.
Isotonic: no water movement; cell size remains the same.