The Cell Cycle
The reproductive cells which include the sperm and eggs. They have half as many chromosomes as Somatic cells.
What are Gametes?
The cause of adaptive evolution(hint: can be environment related)
What is Natural Selection?
A phenomenon which alters nucleotide sequences and is the source for new alleles in selection.
What are mutations?
The offspring of crosses between different species.(exp: a mule)
Hybrids
The Narwhal's scientific name is Monodon monoceros.
Using this, identify its genusGenus is Monodon
(remember the two-part scientific naming system, Genus Species)
DNA Synthesis occurs at this phase
What is S phase?
Similar anatomical structures that represent variations on a structural theme present in a common ancestor
What are homologous structures?
These are the three sources of variation in sexual reproduction.
What are crossing over, random fertilization, and the random assortment of chromosomes?
A type of speciation which occurs when geological barriers separate populations(exp: a sudden mountain rift)
What is Allopatric Speciation?
What is the concept of Maximum parsimony about?
Maximum parsimony assumes that the tree that requires the fewest evolutionary events (appearances of shared derived characters) is the most likely.
What are the 5 phases of Mitosis(List them in order)?
(+100 points, describe what happens at each phase)
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Name two different types of data that are used to create evolutionary trees.
Anatomical and DNA sequence data
The movement of genes in/out of a population.
Give an example
Gene flow
Migration and immigration
Name an example of a prezygotic barrier
(bonus +100, name a postzygotic barrier example)
Prezygotic barriers prevent fertilization from occurring
Exp 1: Habitat isolation, Mechanical isolation, Gamete Isolation
Postzygotic exp 1: Weak/sterile offspring
A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants.
What is a clade?
These are the two types of regulatory proteins involved in the cell control cycle.
What are cyclins and cyclin-dependant kinases(Cdks)?
What is convergent evolution?
Give an example
The evolution of similar or analogous features in distantly related groups.
Birds and butterflies
A type of selection which favors one extreme trait.(Exp: mice with dark fur have a higher chance at survival than those with medium colored fur or light colored fur)
What is Directional Selection?
What is a possible outcome from a hybrid zone?
(Hint: A hybrid zone is a region in which members of different species mate and produce hybrids.)
Outcomes include:
1. Reinforcement of reproductive barriers
2. Weakening of reproductive barriers
3. Continue the formation of hybrid individuals(stabilizing)
What is the difference in evolutionary divergence between older organisms and more recent organisms?
The older the organisms, the more uncertain the estimates of evolutionary divergence.
Describe the process of binary fission in bacteria.
In binary fission, the chromosome replicates (beginning at the origin of replication), and the two daughter chromosomes actively move apart
Explain why do individuals NOT evolve?
Individual organisms retain the same genes throughout their life.
Populations evolve not individuals.
A rather large population of Biology instructors have 396 red-sided individuals and 557 tan-sided individuals. Assuming that red is totally recessive find the allele frequencies of each allele(So find p and q).
q(red) = 0.645
p(tan) = 0.355
Explain the limitations of the biological species concepts.
The biological species concept is inapplicable to fossils, organism who reproduce asexually, and there are organisms which can not be clearly grouped by this concept.
Define horizontal gene transfer and explain how it complicates phylogenetic trees.
Horizontal gene transfer is the movement of genetic material between unicellular or multicellular organisms other than the transmission of DNA between parent and offspring.
Complicates phylogentic trees by adding lines between branches. Creating uncertain and complex relationships between species.