Evolution & Natural Selection
Are mutations usually beneficial or usually harmful?
depends on the environment
What are atoms?
Atoms are the smallest individual units that have properties of an element.
What is a hydrogen bond?
A weak bond with a partially positive hydrogen on one molecule and a partially negative atom on another
What are carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates are polymers called polysaccharides made from subunit monomers called monosaccharides.
What do enzymes do?
An enzyme is a protein made by a living organism to catalyze chemical reactions.
How do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?
Bacteria becomes resistant to antibiotics when a mutation occurs during cell replication.
What are the three subatomic particles?
Subatomic particles include protons, neutrons, and electrons.
What is the pH of water?
The pH of water is 7.
What are proteins?
Proteins are polymers called polypeptides which are made up of monomer subunits called amino acids.
How do enzymes do their jobs?
Enzymes do their jobs by having an active site and substrates to create a chemical reaction.
Why is radiometric dating important for studying evolution?
Radiometric dating is important for studying evolution because we can trace how far back an organism was around for.
Which four elements are most important and prevalent to life on Earth?
The four most important elements prevalent to life on are oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen.
What happens when you add an acid or base to a solution?
Adding an acid decreases pH and adding a base increases pH.
What are enzymes?
Enzymes are proteins that facilitate the chemical reactions needed for cellular work.
What can affect enzyme activity?
Denaturation can affect enzyme activity because the enzyme will no longer be able to bind substrate to catalyze a chemical reaction.
What do stromatolites tell us about the evolution of life on Earth?
They have been a part of early Earth and dominated the planet for 80% of Earth's history. They have adapted and evolved to Earth for so long by contributing in photosynthesis.
What is the difference between ionic and covalent bonds?
Ionic bonds transfer electrons and covalent bonds share electrons.
Hydroxyl, Carboxyl, Carbonyl, Amino, and Methyl
What is the difference between unsaturated and saturated fats?
Saturated fats have the maximum number of hydrogens; they contain no double bonds. Unsaturated fats have a double bond which forms a kink in the chain.
What can stop an enzyme from doing its job?
Changes to temperature, pH, and salt concentration will affect the structure of the protein.
What are examples of forces that cause populations to change their frequencies of traits.
The process of genetic drift causes allele frequencies to fluctuate at random from one generation to the next. Bottleneck effect is the sudden reduction on a population, and genetic drift is present until the population becomes large enough.
What is the octet rule?
The octet rule is where atoms gain or lose electrons to attain the most stable electron shell configuration. This is so that each atom has 8 electrons in its outer shell.
Why are water and carbon so important for the existence of the molecules of life?
Carbon makes nonpolar chains that remain stable in water, providing the foundation for life. Water is suited for forming life on Earth with its ability to cohesion to molecules and its ability to dissolve other molecules.
How many hydrogen bonds does adenine make with its complementary base pair?
Adenine makes 2 hydrogen bonds with thymine.
What is the difference between competitive and non-competitive inhibitors?
Competitive inhibitors block the active site and non-competitive inhibitors change the active site to prevent the substrate from binding. This affects enzyme activity to prevent a reaction from taking place.