Cell Communication
This type of signaling occurs when a cell releases a signal that affects the same cell that produced it.
What is autocrine signaling?
This is the minimum energy required to start a chemical reaction.
What is activation energy?
This stage of cellular respiration occurs in the cytoplasm and produces 2 ATP and pyruvate.
What is glycolysis?
This pigment absorbs light energy during photosynthesis.
What is chlorophyll?
This process allows cells to produce ATP without oxygen.
What is fermentation?
This form of signaling only affects adjacent cells that are physically touching.
What is juxtacrine signaling?
These biological molecules speed up chemical reactions without being consumed.
What are enzymes?
This step converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA before entering the citric acid cycle.
What is pyruvate oxidation?
The first stage of photosynthesis that captures light energy is called this.
What are the light reactions?
This type of fermentation produces lactic acid in muscle cells.
What is lactic acid fermentation?
Signals released locally that affect nearby cells but not distant ones are called this.
What is paracrine signaling?
Reactions that release energy are described using this term.
What are exergonic reactions?
This cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and produces NADH, FADH₂, ATP, and CO₂.
What is the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)?
The stage of photosynthesis that produces sugar using carbon dioxide is called this.
What is the Calvin Cycle (light-independent reactions)?
This type of fermentation produces alcohol and CO₂.
What is alcohol fermentation?
These chemical messengers travel through the circulatory system to reach distant cells.
What are hormones?
This part of the enzyme is where the substrate binds.
What is the active site?
The process where electrons from NADH and FADH₂ move through proteins to oxygen is called this.
What is the electron transport chain?
These small pores in leaves allow plants to exchange gases.
What are stomata?
The transfer of electrons during metabolic reactions is known as this.
What are oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions?
When a ligand binds to a receptor protein and causes it to change shape, this cellular process begins.
What is signal transduction?
Changes in temperature, pH, or salinity can cause enzymes to lose their shape and function through this process.
What is denaturation?
This mechanism uses a proton gradient to power ATP synthase.
What is chemiosmosis?
Plants obtain water needed for photosynthesis through these structures.
What are roots?
Metabolic pathways that break down molecules and release energy are called these.
What are catabolic pathways?