Biomolecules
Which categories of amino acid would you expect to find on a water-soluble protein’s surface and which would you expect to find in the interior?
Protein Surface- hydrophobic or hydrophilic
Protein interior- hydrophilic or hydrophobic
Protein interior- hydrophobic
Protein surface- hydrophilic
What is the function of a pH indicator? What pH indicator did we use in our pH lab in MOD 4?
A pH indicator is used to determine the acidity or basicity of a solution by changing color. We use a ph indicator in this lab to identify the pH levels of artificial bodily fluids. Phenol red was mod 4's indicator used
What is a meniscus and explain how it is used to make an accurate measurement in a graduated cylinder?
A curved surface of a liquid in a container, in a graduated cylinder, the meniscus is the curved line at the liquid's surface. you have to take steps to get an accurate measurement, eye level, read from the bottom, read at the top.
Life emerges at the level of..
1. protein
2. Dna
3. the cell
3. the cell
What is natural selection?
How is this different than artificial selection?
Is natural selection the same as random chance?
Natural selection is an natural process founded by Charles Darwin. It is a filtering mechanism to separate the weak from the strong or the animals fit to survive in certain environments.
Artificial selection is done by humans by picking the best fit to continue to reproduce.
No, natural selection is something planned, picked, and decided. While, random chance has no pattern or choice. Random chance can be categorized and based on probabilities.
What type of polysaccharide is glycogen? Explain its importance to animals.
Glycogen is a type of polysaccharide that serves as a storage form of glucose in animals. Glycogen serves as a crucial energy reserve in animals, allowing them to regulate blood glucose levels, sustain physical activity, and provide emergency fuel when needed.
In our pH lab, what color did the pH indicator change to in acidic conditions vs basic solution?
Basic solution- pink
What is the base unit for volume in the metric system?
liter
What are the three domains of life? Explain the major differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Domain Bacteria, Archaea, eukarya
Prokaryotes are free floating Dna in nucleoid region, smaller, Eukaryotes nucleus contains DNA, larger
How does artificial selection lead to changes in populations over time?
Since most breeders artificially select what they are breeding, they can create new variations. Although as breeders continue to breed it can cause a decrease in successive reproduction.
Discuss the importance of having both positive and negative controls for the experimental tests on the unknown solutions. What is the function of each control and discuss why it is important to run positive and negative controls each and every time the test is performed (why couldn’t the instructor just have provided you with a picture of what the test would look like?
Including both positive and negative control allows the experimenter to know the solution is impacted or not impacted by the reagent. The change or inchange of color allows us to know if it is positive, containing a specific organic molecule or if it is negative, not containing the molecule. Positive, serves as a reference point and validation that the solution is containing a certain molecule. Negative, helps identify and account for any non-specific signals, contamination, or artifacts that could lead to false-positive results. Showing students step by step allows them to fully understand how to perform this experiment, so they know how to do it on their own. Making students then take what they know and put it to the test.
what are atoms? What are the three subatomic particles and what properties of the atom do they each determine?
Atoms are the smallest individual units that have properties of an element. Subatomic particles are the protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons have a positive charge and determine the element. Neutrons determine isotope, and electrons determine chemical behavior.
Explain the simplicity the metric system compared to the English standard system?
The metric system is based on 10's allowing you the ability to increase or decrease the value of base units by 10 s with additional prefixes this applies to all base units, it is also a decimal based system
the English standard system is based on 12s
What are the correct steps of the scientific method?
Ask a question about something you observe
Form a hypothesis, or testable explanation
Make a prediction based on the hypothesis
Test the prediction by conducting an experiment
Analyze the data from the experiment and draw conclusions
Communicate the results to others
Are mutations usually beneficial or usually harmful?
How beneficial or harmful mutations are depends on the environment.
What types of attractions (chemical bonds and intermolecular forces) are possible during each level of protein structure?
The types of attractions involved in stabilizing each level of protein structure include peptide bonds in the primary structure. Hydrogen bonds in the secondary structure, a variety of interactions in the tertiary structure, and similar interactions in the quaternary structure, particularly between multiple protein subunits.
What is the octet rule? How does the octet rule influence the formation of ionic and covalent bonds?
The octet rule is when atoms gain or lose electrons to attain the most stable electron shell configuration. The octet rule helps the formation of both ionic and covalent bonds by guiding how electrons are transferred or shared between atoms to achieve a stable electron configuration.
How many kg are in 1g? Show your work
.001g
1g * 1kg/1000g
1 divided 1000= .001g
Identify the independent and dependent variables in the following statement:
Wearing a face mask in public reduces your chance of COVID-19 infection.
Independent variable- wearing a face mask
dependent - covid - 19 infection
Polar bears have white fur that blends in well with their snowy surroundings. This helps polar bears stalk and hunt seals. Polar bears are believed to have evolved from bears that had brown fur. How would a biologist explain how the white fur of polar bears evolved from bears with brown fur?
Through natural selection and genetic variation, polar bears gradually evolved their distinctive white fur, which provides them with a crucial advantage in their Arctic habitat. Some bears may have had lighter shades of brown fur, while others may have had darker shades. Bears with lighter fur, closer in color to the snow, had a better chance of successfully hunting seals and avoiding detection by prey and predators alike.
1 Explain how the molecular structure of a phospholipid bilayer spontaneously assembles without chemical bonds.
2. What types of molecules do you think would be able to pass through the hydrophobic interior of the bilayer? (Hint: likes dissolve likes!)
3. Why is this molecule important for living organisms in a world full of liquid water?
1. When phospholipids are placed in water, the hydrophilic phosphate heads are attracted to water molecules, while the hydrophobic fatty acid tails tend to avoid water. To minimize exposure to water, phospholipids arrange themselves such that the hydrophilic heads face outward towards the water, while the hydrophobic tails cluster together in the interior, away from water. This spontaneous arrangement maximizes the interactions between water and hydrophilic regions while minimizing the contact between water and hydrophobic regions, leading to the formation of a stable phospholipid bilayer.
2. Molecules that can pass through the hydrophobic interior of the phospholipid bilayer are typically nonpolar or hydrophobic in nature. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are small, nonpolar gases that can easily diffuse through the hydrophobic tails of phospholipids in the bilayer.
3. Phospholipid bilayers are indispensable for the structure, function, and survival of living organisms in a world full of liquid water. It enables cells to maintain internal environments conducive to life, interact with their surroundings, and carry out essential biological processes necessary for survival and adaptation.
Define electronegativity. Why does a chlorine atom form an ionic bond with a sodium atom, a polar covalent bond with a hydrogen atom, and a nonpolar covalent bond with another chlorine atom?
Electronegativity is how much an atom wants or pulls electrons. The difference in electronegativity determines a bond type and bond strength.
Sodium has a lower electronegativity than chlorine. When sodium and chlorine combine to form sodium chloride (table salt). This is an ionic bond. Polar bond, Chlorine has a higher electronegativity than hydrogen, creates a partial negative charge. Nonpolar the electrons are shared equally between the two atoms, resulting in a nonpolar covalent bond. There is no significant electronegativity difference between the two chlorine atoms, so the electron pair is shared equally
What is the prefix for Kilometer, what is its Abveriation, the meaning, and the relation to the base unit?
Kilo
K
1000*base unit
1000m in 1Km
Read the information given- Then explain confounding variables and how to control them
A mouse’s weight will increase when the amount of food it consumes increases. Independent Variable: Food consumption Dependent Variable: Mouses weight
Confounding Variables - The amount of water intake Exercise amount Steps that can be taken
To control the confounding variables - Measure how much you give the mouse Confounding variables that can’t be controlled (list them here
Explain why there is no "goal" involved when natural selection results in evolutionary change of a population.
There is no goal involved in natural selection because when animals and plants are naturally selected there is no preplan. Natural selection is not a directed process or a decision process. Natural selection is a fundamental mechanism of evolution, but it is a blind and non-directed process. Natural selection can either become beneficial or harmful but it is not premeditated.