Biochemistry & Cell Biology
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100
Which of the following must occur before mitosis can begin?
A. DNA must be replicated in the nucleus.
B. RNA must move to the center of the nucleus.
C. Chromosomes must attach to the cell membrane.
D. Ribosomes must move to opposite sides of the cell.
100
The diagram below represents several undisturbed rock layers and the fossils they contain.
According to this fossil record, which of the following organisms became extinct first?
A.
B.
C.
D.
A.
B.
C.
D.
100
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are organic molecules essential for life. Which of the following elements makes the large structures of these organic molecules possible?
A. calcium
B. carbon
C. oxygen
D. zinc
100
Scientists compare a specific type of enzyme from two species. One species is a bacterium that lives in hot springs. The other species is a shrimp that lives in cold ocean water. The scientists observe the activity of the enzyme from each species over a range of temperatures from 0°C to 100°C.
Which of the following statements describes what the scientists most likely observe?
A. The bacterial enzyme works faster than the shrimp enzyme at all temperatures.
B. The bacterial enzyme has a different optimal temperature than the shrimp enzyme.
C. The bacterial enzyme denatures faster than the shrimp enzyme at room temperature.
D. The bacterial enzyme catalyzes more reactions than the shrimp enzyme at any temperature.
200
Secretions from the pancreas contain compounds called lipases. Lipases increase the rate of digestion of lipids.
Lipases are an example of which of the following?
A. enzymes
B. hormones
C. nucleic acids
D. simple sugars
200
Northern water snakes in the Lake Erie region of North America live on the shores of the lake and on islands in the lake. Natural selection favors a banded pattern in mainland populations and an unbanded pattern in island populations. Despite these different selection pressures on the snake populations, the snakes remain a single species.
Which of the following statements describes the most likely reason the northern water snakes have remained a single species?
A. The same predators feed on mainland and island snake populations.
B. Gene flow occurs between mainland and island snake populations.
C. Mainland and island snake populations hibernate together in the winter.
D. Young snakes are born at the same time each year in mainland and island snake populations.
200
A mitochondrion has two membranes. The inner membrane is highly folded, as shown in the diagram below.
The folds greatly increase the membrane’s surface area. This improves the ability of the mitochondrion to do which of the following?
A. move the cell through water
B. digest metabolic wastes in the organelle
C. convert solar energy to chemical energy
D. produce ATP during cellular respiration
300
Skin cells and liver cells contain different sets of enzymes. Which of the following conclusions can be made based on this information?
A. Skin cells and liver cells have different numbers of mitochondria.
B. Skin cells and liver cells can perform different chemical reactions.
C. Skin cells and liver cells have different cell membrane compositions.
D. Skin cells and liver cells can contain different numbers of chromosomes.
300
The diagram below shows a plant cell at a particular stage in the cell cycle.
This stage occurs immediately after which cellular process?
A. crossing over
B. DNA replication
C. fertilization
D. mitosis
400
ATP molecules in cells undergo a process called hydrolysis. The equation below represents this process.
ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi
What always happens within cells as a result of ATP hydrolysis?
A. Water is produced.
B. Chemical energy is released.
C. Phosphorus atoms are used up.
D. Carbohydrate building blocks are formed.
400
If a person is constantly feeling weak and has low energy levels, a doctor may test the blood for lactate. High lactate levels may indicate that the person’s body is breaking down glucose by fermentation instead of by aerobic respiration. The diagram below represents the process of fermentation.
Based on the diagram, which of the following statements best explains why an increase in fermentation and a decrease in aerobic respiration might cause a person to feel weak and have low energy levels?
A. Less ATP is being produced.
B. Less pyruvate is being produced.
C. The amount of lactate available as a product is limited.
D. The amount of glucose available as a reactant is limited.
500
Which of the following statements best compares reproduction in viruses with reproduction in single-celled protists?
A. Viruses reproduce by releasing spores; single-celled protists reproduce by dividing in half.
B. Viruses require large colonies to reproduce; single-celled protists reproduce as individual cells.
C. Viruses require the cellular machinery of host cells to reproduce; single-celled protists reproduce on their own.
D. Viruses form haploid gametes when they reproduce; single-celled protists form diploid gametes when they reproduce.
500
An egg cell in a gorilla contains 24 chromosomes. When the egg cell is fertilized, which of the following occurs?
A. The 24 original chromosomes replicate, resulting in 48 chromosomes in the fertilized egg.
B. The 24 original chromosomes split at the centromere, resulting in 48 chromosomes in the fertilized egg.
C. The nucleus of a sperm cell fuses with the nucleus of the original egg cell, resulting in 48 chromosomes in the fertilized egg.
D. The nucleus of another egg cell pairs with the nucleus of the original egg cell, resulting in 48 chromosomes in the fertilized egg.