Biochemistry/Cell Biology
Which of the following types of cells is a direct product of meiosis?
A. egg
B. muscle
C. nerve
D. skin
Which of the following statements best describes how an increase in the size of a mammal population could be related to a large surplus of food?
A. With an abundance of food, adults now outnumber predators.
B. With enough to eat, more females are healthy and the birth rate increases.
C. Since there is no competition for food, most individuals develop mutualistic relationships.
D. Since they no longer need to hunt, some males increase their territories and cause other males to move away.
During dry years on a remote island chain, small seeds become rare while large seeds in hard shells remain fairly abundant. The large seeds in hard shells can be eaten only by birds with large beaks. Which of the following best describes how natural selection will most likely affect seed-eating birds on the island chain during an extended dry period?
A. Birds with small beaks will adapt and develop large beaks.
B. Birds with large beaks will interbreed with birds with small beaks.
C. Birds with large beaks will produce more offspring than birds with small beaks.
D. Birds with small beaks will immigrate in greater numbers than birds with large beaks.
Mutations can change an organism’s phenotype by directly affecting which of the following?
A. lipid structure
B. water–salt balance
C. nucleic acid sequence
D. carbohydrate structure
Which two body systems carry signals from one part of the body to another part of the body?
A. circulatory and nervous
B. digestive and respiratory
C. excretory and circulatory
D. excretory and nervous
Which process is directly responsible for the formation of new root cells as a plant grows larger?
A. meiosis
B. mitosis
C. nitrogen fixation
D. osmosis
During dry years on a remote island chain, small seeds become rare while large seeds in hard shells remain fairly abundant. The large seeds in hard shells can be eaten only by birds with large beaks.
Which of the following best describes how natural selection will most likely affect seed-eating birds on the island chain during an extended dry period?
A. Birds with small beaks will adapt and develop large beaks.
B. Birds with large beaks will interbreed with birds with small beaks.
C. Birds with large beaks will produce more offspring than birds with small beaks.
D. Birds with small beaks will immigrate in greater numbers than birds with large beaks.
Which of the following would be most useful in determining how modern-day lions, tigers, and domestic cats are related?
A. finding fossils from each species at a certain location
B. analyzing differences in the population size of each species
C. measuring the heights of adult males and females of each species
D. comparing amino acid sequences of a specific protein from each species
The soybean aphid was introduced to the United States in 2000. The aphid killed many soybean plants. In 2004, scientists discovered that some soybean plants were resistant to the aphid. This resistance was genetically based. The scientists wanted to determine whether the resistant trait in these soybean plants has a dominant inheritance pattern. Which of the following would provide the best evidence that the trait is dominant?
A. Two resistant plants are crossed, and none of the offspring are resistant.
B. Two plants that are not resistant are crossed, and all of the offspring are resistant.
C. A resistant plant and a plant that is not resistant are crossed, and all of the offspring are resistant.
D. A resistant plant and a plant that is not resistant are crossed, and none of the offspring are resistant.
The list below shows some processes that take place during and after digestion in the human body. Each numbered process takes place in a different organ of the digestive system.
1. Food is transported to another organ.
2. Wastes are eliminated from the body.
3. Food is mechanically broken down into smaller parts; some foods are also broken down chemically.
4. Macromolecules are chemically broken down into simpler molecules.
5. Simple molecules are absorbed into the circulatory system.
Which of the following shows the order of the processes that take place after food enters the mouth?
A. 1 → 2 → 3 → 4 → 5
B. 3 → 1 → 4 → 5 → 2
C. 4 → 3 → 2 → 1 → 5
D. 3 → 5 → 1 → 4 → 2
The sodium-potassium pump in a cell membrane moves particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. What directly supplies the energy for the sodium-potassium pump?
A. amino acids
B. ATP
C. DNA
D. fatty acids
Remora fish can attach themselves to larger aquatic animals, such as whales. When the whales eat, the fish detach themselves and eat leftover scraps of food. These fish do not harm or help the whales.
What is the ecological relationship between the remora fish and the whales?
A. commensalism
B. competition
C. parasitism
D. predation
Some scientists have concluded that the legs of modern land vertebrates evolved from the fins of ancient fish. What most likely provided the evidence for this conclusion?
A. studying the fossils of ancient fish and ancient land vertebrates
B. identifying the numbers of ancient fish and ancient land vertebrates
C. comparing the number of genes in modern fish to the number of genes in modern land vertebrates
D. comparing the movements of modern fish fins to the movements of the limbs of modern land vertebrates
Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder found in some breeds of dogs. The gene linked to narcolepsy has two alleles. Two dogs, both without narcolepsy, breed and produce a litter of four puppies: one male and one female with narcolepsy, and one male and one female without narcolepsy.
Which of the following identifies and explains the probability that another puppy with the same parents will have narcolepsy?
A. 0%, because the parents already have two puppies with narcolepsy
B. 25%, because narcolepsy is a recessive trait
C. 50%, because 1/2 of the puppies from the first litter had narcolepsy
D. 75%, because narcolepsy is a dominant trait
During a running race, a person’s breathing rate and heart rate increase. These changes most directly help the person do which of the following?
A. increase the rate of digestion
B. decrease the rate of gamete production
C. decrease the rate of protein synthesis in neurons
D.increase the rate of cellular respiration in mitochondria
Fructose is a simple sugar that can be a source of energy for the body. What type of organic molecule is fructose?
A. carbohydrate
B. lipid
C. nucleic acid
D. protein
The growth of plants in many ecosystems is limited by the supply of nitrogen. Which of the following groups of organisms plays the largest role in moving nitrogen between the atmosphere and plants?
A. bacteria
B. earthworms
C. insects
D. protists
Which of the following is the best evidence that two birds belong to the same species?
A. The two birds eat the same food.
B. The two birds have common behaviors.
C. The two birds are the same size and color.
D. The two birds mate and produce fertile offspring.
Microtubules are groups of proteins that provide structure to cells and are important during cell division. Which of the following pathways produces microtubule proteins in cells?
A. DNA → polypeptide → mRNA →protein
B. DNA → mRNA → polypeptide →protein
C. mRNA → DNA → polypeptide →protein
D. mRNA → polypeptide → DNA →protein
Which of the following does the human digestive system break down for the body’s cells to use for energy, repair, and growth?
A. carbohydrates and fats only
B. carbohydrates, fats, and oxygen
C. carbohydrates and proteins only
D. carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
The digestive system breaks down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into smaller molecules. These smaller molecules are used for which of the following?
A. cellular respiration only
B. cellular respiration and cell repair only
C. cellular respiration and cell growth only
D. cellular respiration, cell repair, and cell growth
Which of the following statements describes one way that energy is transferred in a food web?
A. Plants provide energy to consumers.
B. Energy is cycled between producers.
C. Producers store energy made by animals.
D. Consumers obtain energy directly from sunlight.
The different finch beaks are the result of natural selection. Which of the following conditions was required for natural selection to occur in the Galápagos finches?
A. low death rates for the finches
B. low mutation rates in the finches
C. some genetic variation in the ancestral population
D. unequal numbers of males and females in the ancestral population
Which part of a DNA molecule holds the information that is eventually translated into a protein?
A. deoxyribose sugar
B. hydrogen bonds
C. nitrogenous bases
D. phosphate ions
Which of the following structures transmits nerve impulses between the brain and most motor and sensory neurons?
A. carotid artery
B. diaphragm
C. esophagus
D. spinal cord