Breathing & Energy
Why do we breathe (ventilate) faster when exercising?
Why do our muscles become tired when exercising?
Get more oxygen
They need more oxygen and sugar
Why are some people able to digest dairy into adulthood but others cannot?
How does lactase help digest milk?
Some people don’t have lactase
Lactase breaks down lactose, the sugar in milk
How do infectious diseases spread between people?
Bodily fluids, airborne, contact
How does antibiotic resistance occur and how does this impact our ability to fight bacterial infections such as cholera?
Why would we be able to treat a bacterial infection by introducing more bacteria?
Bacteria are adapting to antibiotics and making infections like cholera harder to treat
Introducing good bacteria can take the resources/space from the bad bacteria
What are the 5 elements in DNA?
Hydrogen, Carbon, Phosphorus, Oxygen, Nitrogen
How do organisms generate energy for life processes?
How is the amount of glucose in the blood regulated, so that cells always get what they need to do respiration?
Cell Respiration
Insulin and glucagon
Why do some populations have the ability to digest milk into adulthood but not others? Why would it be advantageous to be able to digest the milk of other animals?
Why is energy or fat storage advantageous?
Some people come from ancestors that drank milk It’s an advantage because milk is a good source of food and protein
Fat has a lot of energy for times when food is scarce. Also warms our bodies
Why was the disease that caused The Black Death so deadly?
Killed very fast, spread between dead bodies and rats, spread between all bodily fluids
How are microbiomes different across different populations of people?
Should we preemptively get a fecal transplant from people like the Hadza? What does the evidence say?
Healthier populations have a healthier microbiome
Yes, because they have a healthy microbiome
What is the shape of DNA?
Double Helix
How does the body regulate O2 levels in the blood?
How does the body use stored energy, in the form of fat, to fuel life activities?
Faster heart rate, Breathing faster, Veins and arteries expand
Fat has the most energy stored
What role does the hormone leptin play in regulating fat storage?
What is the role of both genetics and environmental influences in developing leptin resistance?
Leptin tells the body when to stop eating. Fat releases leptin.
Some people have genetics that can under/over produce leptin. Eating badly and not exercising can lead to bad leptin levels
How does natural selection lead to beneficial traits in a population?
Traits appear due to random mutations and the environment decides if that trait is good or bad
How does a healthy microbiome impact our ability to fight bacterial infections such as cholera?
Why do bacteria cooperate and generate biofilms?
Having a healthy microbiome increases the chances of fighting off diseases like cholera
They share resources and communicate using biofilms
Where inside the cell is DNA found?
The Nucleus
How do different types of organisms regulate gas exchange?
How do humans maintain a dynamic equilibrium through thermoregulation?
How does the body thermoregulate during exercise?
Humans: lungs, Fish: gills, Amphibians: through their skin
Sweating, shivering, blood vessels change in size
Why do virtually all organisms have a day-night cycle?
To repair DNA, rest, memory, cardiovascular health
What is the evolutionary history of the sickle cell trait?
Sickle cell can kill people if you get the trait from both parents, but can protect against malaria if you get one copy
Why is it advantageous for bacteria to cooperate? Do bacteria cheat when cooperating?
It’s an advantage for bacteria to share resources. Sometimes bacteria “cheat” by stealing resources from other bacteria
What are the letters that make up the nitrogenous bases? How do they pair together?
A-T, G-C
How does the regulation of gas exchange connect to changes we see during intense exercise?
Why do we get sweaty when we exercise? How does sweat help?
How does the body osmoregulate?
When you exercise, you breathe faster, your heart rate increases, and your blood vessels expand
How are day-night cycles regulated?
With light and melatonin
How do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?
How can we use bacteriophages to fight antibiotic resistant infections?
Not taking the full course of antibiotics , Bacteria adapting to the antibiotic, Antibiotics being used for farm animals
Bacteriophages target the bacteria without hurting the person
Do other organisms demonstrate cooperative behaviors? Give an example.
Whales bubble feed to catch more food
What is a section of DNA called that creates a protein to determine a trait?
What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?
Gene
5 Carbon Sugar, Phosphate, Nitrogenous base